Quantitative and species changes in the local microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in allergic rhinitis

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The role of local microflora in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis has not been sufficiently studied; therefore, the study of changes in the nasal microbiome is of interest from a scientific and practical point of view.

AIM: To evaluate changes in the local microbiota of the nasal mucosa in patients with seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis before and after pharmacological and allergen-specific therapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational retrospective single-center case-control study was conducted, which included 182 patients with allergic rhinitis. The groups were randomized according to the diagnosis (seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis) and the therapy used: basic pharmacotherapy and allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy.

RESULTS: In total, 182 patients completed the study, of which 50 had seasonal allergic rhinitis, 51 had seasonal allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma (aged 7–42 years), and 81 had year-round allergic rhinitis, which included 29 aged 12–54 years and 52 with year-round allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma, aged 12–39 years. Patients with allergic rhinitis were divided into two subgroups: those who received basic therapy to achieve remission and those who received allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy. After basic therapy, the abundance of Staphylococcus aureus in the local microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis decreased by 1.4 times; in the allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy group, its abundance more significantly decreased (3.9 times; p <0.05). In the group with year-round allergic rhinitis, the same pattern was noted. In the group with seasonal allergic rhinitis and year-round allergic rhinitis and the group with both allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy and atopic asthma who received a full course of allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy, the activation index of blood basophils by rSplA-proteinase S. aureus was reduced by 1.2–1.5 compared with the value in those who received basic pharmacotherapy.

CONCLUSION: Patients with allergic rhinitis exhibited quantitative and qualitative significant changes in the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract mucosa, one of the consequences of which is the development of IgE-mediated sensitization to S. aureus products. Allergen-specific immunotherapy for patients with allergic rhinitis leads to decreased colonization of the nasal mucosa with S. aureus and decreased sensitization to rSplA proteinase.

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About the authors

Yury A. Tyurin

Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Kazan State Medical University

Email: tyurin.yurii@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2536-3604
SPIN-code: 5089-5565

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)

Россия, Kazan; Kazan

Alsu A. Sharifullina

Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Kazan Federal University

Email: alsusha74@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2395-7377

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Россия, Kazan; Kazan

Irina D. Reshetnikova

Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology; Kazan Federal University

Email: reshira@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3584-6861
SPIN-code: 3255-0088

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor

Россия, Kazan; Kazan

Rustam A. Minnibayev

Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: rustam.md@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-3421-6221
Россия, Kazan

Ruslan Z. Khairullin

Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology

Email: co1979@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4214-012X
SPIN-code: 7032-9137

Cand. Sci. (Biol.)

Россия, Kazan

Rustem S. Fassakhov

Kazan Federal University

Author for correspondence.
Email: farrus@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9322-2689
SPIN-code: 1748-7760

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Россия, Kazan

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2. Fig. 1. The level of serum IgE antibodies (M±SD) to pollen, epidermal allergens and house dust mites allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis. Sample of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis and seasonal allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma ― 101 people; year-round allergic rhinitis and year-round allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma ― 81 people. САР/КАР ― seasonal/year-round allergic rhinitis.

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3. Fig. 2. The level of serum IgE (M±SD) to the bacterial recombinant heat-inactivated SplA proteinase Staphylococcus aureus and known allergens of Staphylococcus aureus ― m 80, m 81 (enterotoxins SEA and SEB ― Staphylococcal enterotoxin A and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B). Sample of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis ― 50 people, year-round allergic rhinitis ― 29 people. САР/КАР ― seasonal/year-round allergic rhinitis.

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4. Fig. 3. Cytokine profile upon stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with recombinant SplA proteinase and protein A (protein A) of Staphylococcus aureus. Top row: profile of Th1/Th17-type cytokines (M±SD) (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17) upon stimulation of mononuclear cells with recombinant SplA proteinase and protein A (protein A) of Staphylococcus aureus on the 3rd day cell culture. Bottom row: shows the profile of Th2-type cytokines (M±SD) (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) upon stimulation of mononuclear cells with rSplA protease and protein A of Staphylococcus aureus on the 3rd day of cell culture. Seasonal allergic rhinitis ― mononuclear cells of patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (10 people); year-round allergic rhinitis ― mononuclear cells of patients with year-round allergic rhinitis (10 people); Control ― mononuclear cells of healthy individuals (control group, 10 people). ИЛ ― interleukin (IL); ИФН ― interferon (IFN); ТНФ ― tumor necrosis factor (TNF).

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