<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">670</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Pharmacogenetics of uncontrolled asthma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФАРМАКОГЕНЕТИКА НЕКОНТРОЛИРУЕМОЙ БРОНХИАЛЬНОЙ АСТМЫ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>E S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>Е С</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>evgeny.s.kulikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ogorodova</surname><given-names>L M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Огородова</surname><given-names>Л М</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Freidin</surname><given-names>M B</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фрейдин</surname><given-names>М Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>I A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>И А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudko</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рудко</surname><given-names>А А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Selivanova</surname><given-names>P A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Селиванова</surname><given-names>П А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования «сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO6 (2012)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№6 (2012)</issue-title><fpage>6</fpage><lpage>14</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2014-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/670">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/670</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review summarizes the results of pharmacogenetic studies of determination response to drugs used for the treatment of bronchial asthma. Pharmacogenetic information will enable the use of a personalized approach to the asthma management, which will adjust the therapy technology and increase the possibility of achieving disease control.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре обобщены результаты фармакогенетических исследований детерминации ответа на лекарственные средства, используемые для терапии бронхиальной астмы. Применение фармакогенетической информации сделает возможным использование персонифицированного подхода к терапии бронхиальной астмы, что позволит скорректировать технологии ведения пациента и повысить вероятность достижения контроля болезни.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>pharmacogenetics</kwd><kwd>therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>фармакогенетика</kwd><kwd>терапия</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Глобальная стратегия лечения и профилактики бронхиальной астмы. Под ред. А.Г. Чучалина. М.: Атмосфера. 2007, 104 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Global Burden of Asthma Report [Электронный ресурс]. Электрон. дан. 2012. http://www.ginasthma.org/re-ports-global-burden-of-asthma.html.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Janson C., Anto J., Burney P. et al. European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey: what are the main results so far? European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. Eur. Respir. J. 2001, v. 18, p. 598-611.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Емельянов А.В., Сергеева Г.Р. и соавт. Рас-пpостpаненность бpонхиальной астмы и аллеpгического pинита сpеди взpослого населения Санкт-Петеpбуpга. Терапевт. архив. 2003, № 1, с. 21-27.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ленская Л.Г, Огородова Л.М. Фармакоэкономика бронхиальной астмы. Общественное здоровье и организация медицинской помощи на рубеже веков. Томск. 2000, с. 77-83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Медников Б.Л. Экономические аспекты в пульмонологии. Хронические обструктивные болезни легких. М., Биномю. 1998, с. 501-510.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Чучалин А.Г, Пыжева Е.С., Колганова Н.А. Социально-экономическая значимость заболеваемости бронхиальной астмой и ее стоимостное определение. Экономика здравоохраненияю 1997, № 4-5, с. 29-37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Koshak E.A. Classification ofasthma according to revised 2006 GINA: Evolution from severity to control. Ann. Thorac. Med. 2007, v. 2 (2), p. 45-46.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Asthma in America survey — AIA: Executive summary [Электронный ресурс]. Электрон. дан. 1997—2010. http:// www.asthmainamerica.com.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Asthma Insights and Reality in Eastern Europe — AIRCEE [Электронный ресурс]. Электрон. дан. 2004. http://www. asthmaineurope.co.uk.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Lai C.K.W., de Guia T.S., Kim Y.Y et al. Asthma control in the Asia-Pacific region: The Asthma Insights and Reality in Asia-Pacific Study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, v. 111, p. 263-268.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Chapman K.R., Boulet L.P., Rea R.M. et al. Suboptimal asthma control: prevalence, detection and consequences in general practice. Eur. Respir. J. 2008, v. 31 (2), p. 320-325.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Klaus F., Mitsuru A., Christopher K.W. et al. Worldwide severity and control of asthma in children and adults: the global asthma insights and reality surveys. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2004, v. 114, No. 1, p. 40-47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Neffen, H., Fritscher C., Schacht F.C. et al. Asthma control in Latin America: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Latin America (AIRLA) survey. Rev. Panam. Salud. Publica. 2005, v. 17(3), p. 191-197.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Куликов Е.С. Стратегии достижения контроля в условиях реальной клинической практики. Данные многоцентрового исследования СТРЕЛА-АСТ Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2009, № 4, с. 75-81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Огородова Л.М., Белевский А.С., Куликов Е.С. и соавт. Сравнительная эффективность стратегий достижения контроля в условиях реальной клинической практики: данные многоцентрового исследования СТРЕЛА. Пульмонология. 2009, № 6, с. 69-77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Куликов Е.С., Огородова Л.М., Белевский А.С. и соавт. Эффективность стратегий достижения и поддержания контроля над бронхиальной астмой в условиях реальной клинической практики: данные многоцентрового исследования СТРЕЛА-АСТ. Пульмонология. 2010, № 1, с. 80-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Огородова Л.М., Куликов Е.С., Деев И.А. и соавт. Динамика функциональных показателей при применении различных схем лечения бронхиальной астмы: данные многоцентрового исследования СТРЕЛА-АСТ. Клиническая медицина. 2011, № 4, с. 36-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bergquist P., Crompton G.K. Clinical management of asthma in 1999: the Asthma Insights and Reality in Europe (AIRE) study. Eur. Respir. J. 2001, v. 18 (1), p. 248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Wenzel S.E. Asthma: defining of the persistent adult phenotypes. Lancet. 2006, v. 368 (9537), p. 804-813.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Moore W.C., Meyers D.A., Wenzel S.E. Identification of Asthma Phenotypes Using Cluster Analysis in the Severe Asthma Research Program. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, v. 18, p. 315-323.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Bradding P., Green R.H. Subclinical phenotypes of asthma. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, v. 10 (1), p. 54-59.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hall I.P. Genetics and pulmonary medicine 8: asthma. Thorax. 1999, v. 54 (1), p. 65-69.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bradley B.L., Azzawi M., Jacobson M. et al. Eosinophils, T-lymphocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchial biopsy specimens from atopic subjects with asthma: comparison with biopsy specimens from atopic subjects without asthma and normal control subjects and relationship to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 1991, v. 88, p. 661-674.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Vercelli D. Discovering susceptibility genes for asthma and allergy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, v. 8, p. 169-182.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Evans W.E., McLeod H.L. Pharmacogenomics — drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, v. 348, No. 6, p. 538-549.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Drysdale C.M., McGraw D.W., Stack C.B. et al. Complex promoter and coding region beta 2adrenergic receptor haplo-types alter receptor expression and predict in vivo responsiveness. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2000, v. 97, No. 19, p. 10483-10488.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Shin J., Kayser S.R., Langaee T. Pharmacogenomics: from discovery to patient care. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2009, v. 66, p. 625-637.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Taussig R., Zimmermann G. Type-specific regulation of mammalian adenylyl cyclases by G protein pathways. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res. 1998, v. 32, p. 81-98.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Taylor S.S., Buechler J.A., Yonemoto W. сAMP-dependent protein kinase: framework for a diverse family of regulatory enzymes. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 1990, v. 59, p. 971-1005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Reihsaus E., Innis M., Macintyre N., Liggett S.B. Mutations in the gene encoding for the b2-adrenergic receptor in normal and asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1993, v. 8 (3), p. 334-339.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Israel E., Drazen J.M., Ligett S.B. et al. The effect of polymorphisms on the ß2adrenergic receptor on the response to regular use of albuterol in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, v. 162, p. 75-80.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Israel E., Chinchilli V.M., Ford J.G. et al. Use of regularly scheduled albuterol treatment in asthma: genotype-stratified, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2004, v. 364, p. 1505-1512.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Metzger N.L., Kockler D.R., Gravatt L.A. Confirmed beta-16Arg/Arg polymorphism in a patient with uncontrolled asthma. Ann. Pharmacother. 2008, v. 42, No. 6, p. 874-881.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Васьковский Н.В., Куликов Е.С. Механизмы нарушения контроля бронхиальной астмы при применении β2-агонистов. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2006, № 1, с. 67-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Green S.A., Turki J., Vegarno P. et al. Influence of ß2adrenergic receptor genotypes on signal transduction in human airways smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 1995, v. 13, p. 25-33.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Tan K.S., Hall I.P., Dewar J. et al. Association between ß2adrenoceptorpolymorhism and susceptibility to bronchodilator desensitization in moderately severe stable asthmatics. Lancet. 1997, v. 350, p. 995-999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Ligett S.B. Pharmacogenetics or ß1 and ß2adrenergic receptors. Pharmacol. 2002, v. 137, p. 1213-1216.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Telleria J.J., Blanco-Quiros A., Muntion S. et al. Tachyphylaxis to ß2agonists in Spanish asthmatic patients could be modulated by ß2adrenoceptor gene polymorphisms. Respir. Med. 2006, v. 100, p. 1072-1078.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Green S.A., Turki J., Innis M. et al. Amino-terminal polymorphism of the human ß2adrenergic receptor impart distinct agonist-promoted regulatory properties. Biochemistry. 1994, v. 33, p. 9414-9419.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Lee M.Y., Cheng S.N., Chen S.J. et al. Polymorphisms of the b2-adrenergic receptor correlated to nocturnal asthma and the response of terbutaline nebulizer. Pediatr. Neonatol. 2011, v. 52 (1), p. 18-23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Basu K., Palmer C.N., Tavendale R. et al. Adrenergic b(2)-re-ceptor genotype predisposes to exacerbations in steroid-treated asthmatic patients taking frequent albuterol or salmeterol. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, v. 124 (6), p. 1188-1194.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Bleecker E.R., Postma D.S., Lawrance R.M. et al. Effect of ADRB2 polymorphisms on response to longacting ß2-agonist therapy: a pharmacogenetic analysis of two randomized studies. Lancet. 2007, v. 370 (9605), p. 2118-2125.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Bleecker E.R., Nelson H.S., Kraft M. et al. ß2-receptor polymorphisms in patients receiving salmeterol with or without fluticasone propionate. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, v. 181 (7), p. 676-687.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Wechsler M.E., Kunselman S.J., Chinchilli V.M. et al. Effect of b-adrenergic receptor polymorphism on response to longacting b2 agonist in asthma (LARGE trial): a genotype-stratified, randomized, placebocontrolled, crossover trial. Lancet. 2009, v. 374 (9703), p. 1754-1764.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Panebra A., Schwarb M.R., Swift S.M. et al. Variable-length poly-C tract polymorphisms of the beta2-adrenergic receptor 30UTR alter expression and agonist regulation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2008, v. 294, p. 190-195.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Litonjua A.A., Lasky-Su J., Schneiter K. et al. ARG1 is a novel bronchodilator response gene: screening and replication in four asthma cohorts. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008, v. 178 (7), p. 688-694.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Vonk J.M., Postma D.S., Maarsingh H. et al. Arginase 1 and arginase 2 variations associate with asthma, asthma severity and ß2-agonist and steroid response. Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2010, v. 20 (3), p. 179-186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Meurs H., Mckay S., Maarsingh H. et al. Increased arginase activity underlies allergen-induced deficiency of cNOSderived nitric oxide and airway hyperresponsiveness. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2002, v. 136 (3), p. 391-398.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Maarsingh H., Zuidhof A.B., Bos I.S. et al. Arginase inhibition protects against allergen-induced airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, and inflammation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008, v. 178 (6), p. 565-573.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Moore P.E., Ryckman K.K., Williams S.M. at al. Genetic variants of GSNOR and ADRB2 influence response to albuterol in African — American children with severe asthma. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2009, v. 44 (7), p. 649-654.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Choudhry S., Que L.G., Yang Z. et al. GSNO reductase and b2-adrenergic receptor gene—gene interaction: bronchodilator responsiveness to albuterol. Pharmacogenet. Genomics. 2010, v. 20 (6), p. 351-358.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Gaston B., Reilly J., Drazen J.M. et al. Endogenous nitrogen oxides and bronchodilator S-nitrosothiols in human airways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993, v. 90 (23), p. 10957-10961.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Whalen E.J., Foster M.W., Matsumoto A. et al. Regulation of b-adrenergic receptor signaling by S-nitrosylation of G-proteincoupled receptor kinase 2. Cell. 2007, v. 129 (3), p. 511-522.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Wechsler M.E., Lehman E., Lazarus S.C. beta-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and response to salmeterol. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, v. 173 (5), p. 519-526.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Sayers I., Hall I.P. Pharmacogenetic approaches in the treatment of asthma. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005, v. 5 (2), p. 101-108.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Tantisira K.G., Lake S., Silverman E.S. et al. Corticosteroid pharmacogenetics: association of sequence variants in CRHR1 with improved lung function in asthmatics treated with inhaled corticosteroids. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2004, v. 13, p. 1353-1359.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Ye Y.M., Lee H.Y., Kim S.H. et al. Pharmacogenetic study of the effects of NK2R G231E G&gt;A and TBX21 H33Q C&gt;G polymorphisms on asthma control with inhaled corticosteroid treatment. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 2009, v. 34 (6), p. 693-701.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Hawkins G.A., Lazarus R., Smith R.S. et al. The glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplex gene STIP1 is associated with improved lung function in asthmatic subjects treated with inhaled corticosteroids. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, v. 123 (6), p. 1376-1383.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Tantisira K.G., Silverman E.S., Mariani T.J. et al. FCER2: a pharmacogenetic basis for severe exacerbations in children with asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, v. 120 (6), p. 1285-1291.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Koster E.S., Maitland van der Zee A.H., Tavendale R. et al. FCER2 T2206C variant associated with chronic symptoms and exacerbations in steroid-treated asthmatic children. Allergy. 2011, v. 66 (12), p. 1546-1552.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Tantisira K.G., Lasky-Su J., Harada M. et al. Genomewide association between GLCCI1 and response to glucocorticoid therapy in asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, v. 365 (13), p. 1173-1183.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Kino T., Chrousos G.P. Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid resistance/hypersensitivity syndromes. J. Endocrinol. 2001, v. 169 (3), p. 437-445.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Vottero A., Kino T, Combe H. et al. A novel, C-terminal dominant negative mutation of the GR causes familial glucocorticoid resistance through abnormal interactions with p160 steroid receptor coactivators. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, v. 87 (6), p. 2658-2667.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Huizenga N.A., Koper J.W., De Lange P. et al. A polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene may be associated with and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998, v. 83 (1), p. 144-151.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Симакова М.А., Миронова Ж.А., Трофимов В.И. и соавт. «Терапевтическая резистентность» у больных тяжелой бронхиальной астмой. Пульмонология. 2010, № 2, с. 108-113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Mironova Z.A., Trofimov V.I., Simakova M.A. et al. Pharmacogenetic markers of steroid dependent bronchial asthma (BA) control. Europ. Respir. J. 2010, v. 36, 1003 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Simakova M.A., Mironova Z.A., Trofimov V.I. et al. Association of C3435T polymorphism of MDR1 gene and T1808A polymorphism of NR3C1 gene with bronchial obstruction in severe asthmatics and COPD patients. Europ. Respir. J. 2010, v. 36, 779 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Mironova Z.A., Trofimov V.I., Simakova M.A. et al. Allele variants of C3435T multidrug resistance gene (MDR1), R130Q interleukin 13 (IL13) gene, —590C&gt;T interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene — markers of steroid dependent bronchial asthma (BA) risk. Europ. Respir. J. 2010, v. 36, p. 291-292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Mironova Z.A., Trofimov V.I., Ianchina E.D. et al. The associations of polymorphism C3435T multidrug resistance gene (MDR1) and regimen of inhaled glucocorticosteroid therapy in bronchial asthma (BA) patients. Europ. Respir. J. 2008, v. 32 (52), 633 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Hakonarson H., Bjornsdottir U.S., Halapi E. et al. Profiling of genes expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells predicts glucocorticoid sensitivity in asthma patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005, v. 102 (41), p. 14789-14794.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Portelli M., Sayers I. Genetic basis for personalized medicine in asthma. Expert Rev. Respir. Med. 2012, v. 6 (2), p. 223-236.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Tse S.M., Tantisira K., Weiss S.T The pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of asthma therapy. Pharmacogenomics J. 2011, v. 11 (6), p. 383-392.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Kazani S., Wechsler M.E., Israel E. The role of pharmacogenomics in improving the management of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, v. 125 (2), p. 295-302.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
