<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">514</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA514</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Peculiarities of inflammatory process and markers of inflammation in patients with bronchial asthma and COPD</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности воспаления у больных бронхиальной астмой и хронической обструктивной болезнью легких и маркеры воспаления</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedoseev</surname><given-names>G B</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федосеев</surname><given-names>Г Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><email>fedoseevsp@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trofimov</surname><given-names>V I</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трофимов</surname><given-names>В И</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timchik</surname><given-names>V G</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимчик</surname><given-names>В Г</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Negrutsa</surname><given-names>K V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Негруца</surname><given-names>К В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorovneva</surname><given-names>E V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горовнёва</surname><given-names>Е В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of laboratory diagnosis and molecular genetics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Razumovskaya</surname><given-names>T S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Разумовская</surname><given-names>Т С</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alexandrin</surname><given-names>V A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрин</surname><given-names>В А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kryakunov</surname><given-names>K N</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крякунов</surname><given-names>К Н</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filippova</surname><given-names>N A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филиппова</surname><given-names>Н А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.V. Chernorutski Hospital Therapy department</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Birulya</surname><given-names>I V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бируля</surname><given-names>И В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of laboratory diagnosis and molecular genetics</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First Saint-Petersburg I.P. Pavlov State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO2 (2014)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№2 (2014)</issue-title><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-10"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2016-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/514">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/514</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The investigation concerned the diagnostic value of following inflammation markers in patients with mild or moderate bronchial asthma (BA), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis and pneumonia: expired air nitric oxide (Feno) and serum levels of α 1-antitripsin and neutrophilic elastase. 93 patients were included: 6 with mild BA, 11 - with moderate BA, 17 - with mild BA and chronic bronchitis, 25 - with moderate BA and COPD, 25 - with COPD, 9 - with pneumonia. The control group consisted of 21 healthy donors. We revealed that Feno, α 1-antitripsin and neutrophilic elasthase indicate the presence of the inflammation: Feno elevation mostly related to allelrgic one, α 1-antitripsin and neutrophilic elasthase - to infection-dependent inflammation. Treatmentinduced remission of the disease leads to the decrease of α 1-antitripsin and neutrophilic elasthase, but levels are not reaching the normal values. This confirms the presence of airways inflammation during clinical remission of the disease. Elevated levels of α 1-antitripsin and neutrophilic elasthase are associated with the decreased forced expiratory volume during the first second (FEV 1 - % to the predicted values).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследование проведено с целью установления возможности использования оксида азота выдыхаемого воздуха (Feno), α 1-антитрипсина (α 1-АТ) и нейтрофильной эластазы (НЭ) сыворотки в качестве маркеров воспаления у больных бронхиальной астмой легкого течения (БАЛТ), бронхиальной астмой средней тяжести (БАст), хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ), хроническим бронхитом (ХБ) и острой пневмонией (ОП). В исследование включены 93 больных: 6 больных БАЛТ, 11 - БАСТ, 17 больных БАст+ХБ, 25 больных БАст+ХОБЛ, 25 больных ХОБЛ, 9 больных ОП и 21 практически здоровый человек. Установлено, что Feno, α 1-АТ и НЭ маркируют наличие воспаления, причем Feno преимущественно аллергического, а α 1-Ат и НЭ - инфекционного. В процессе лечения и наступления ремиссии уровни α 1-Ат и НЭ снижаются, но не до нормы, что указывает на наличие воспаления в органах дыхания при наступлении ремиссии. Повышенные уровни α 1-Ат и НЭ сочетаются со сниженным объемом выдыхаемого воздуха за первую секунду (ОФВ 1)</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>chronic bronchitis</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>хронический бронхит</kwd><kwd>острая пневмония</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Черешнев В.А. Иммунные механизмы воспаления. М., «ГЭОТАР-Медиа». 2002, 30 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Mac Nee W., Tuder R.M. New paradigms in the pathogenesis of COPD. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2009, v. 6, р. 527-531.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Plaza V., Alvarez F.J., Casan P. et al. En calidad de Comite Ejecutivo de la GEMA y en representacion del grupo de redactors. Gula Espanola para el Manejo del Asma (GEMA). Arch. Bronconeumol. 2003, v. 39, р. 1-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Sheppard D. Transforming Growth Factor β a central modulator of pulmonary and airway inflammation and fibrosis. Proc. Am. Thorac Soc. 2006, v. 3, р. 413-417.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ивчик Т.В., Кокосов А.Н., Янчина Е.Д. и соавт. Факторы риска хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Пульмонология. 2003, № 3, р. 6-15.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes K.C. Genetic studies of the etiology of asthma. Proc. Am. Thorac Soc. 2011, v. 8, р. 143-148.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Миронова Ж.А., Трофимов В.И., Высочинская В.В. и соавт. Перспективы лечения бронхиальной астмы с использованием малых интерферирующих РНК. Пульмонология. 2012,№ 4, с. 100-104.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Apter A.J. Advances in adult asthma diagnosis and treatment in 2012: Potential therapeutics avad gene-environment interactions. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2013, v. 131, р. 47-54.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Selivanova P.A., Kulikov E.S., Kozina O.V. et al. Differential expression of the β-adrenoreceptor and M3-cholinoreceptor genes in bronchial mucosa of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Annals Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2012, v. 108, р. 39-43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Иващенко Т.Э., Келембет Н.А., Останкова Ю.В., Баранов В.С. Болезни и гены предрасположенности. Бронхиальная астма / Генетический паспорт - основа индивидуальной и предиктивной медицины. Под ред. В.С. Баранова. СПб., Изд. «НЛ». 2009, 134 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б. Бронхиальная астма. Библиотека врача общей практики. СПб., «Медицинское информационное агентство». 1996, 464 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Алешина Л.А., Емельянов А.В. и соавт. Биологические дефекты и их роль в возникновении аллергических заболеваний на примере бронхиальной астмы. Аллергология. Общая аллергология. Под ред. Г.Б. Федосеева. СПб., «Нордмедиздат». 2001, т. 1, с. 576-587.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Баранов В.С., Лаврова О.В. и соавт. Донозологическая диагностика и первичная профилактика бронхиальной астмы и других аллергических заболеваний: возможности и перспективы. Болезни органов дыхания. 2007, № 1, с. 28-37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Silverman E.K., Mosley Y.D., Palmer L.Y. et al. Genome-wide linkage analysis of severe, early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: airflow obstruction and chronic bronchitis phenotypes. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2002, v. 11, р. 623-632.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Pillai S.G., Kong X., Edwards L.D. et al. Loci identified by genome wide association studies influence different disease - related phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2010, v. 182, р. 1498-1505.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshida T., Tuder R.M. Pathobiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiol. Rev. 2007, v. 87, р. 1047-1082.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Thomson N.C., Chaudhuri R., Livingston E. Asthma and cigarette smoking. Eur. Respir. J. 2004, v. 24, р. 822-833.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Retamales I., Elliot W.M., Meshi B. et al. Amplification of inflammation in emphysema and its association with latent adenoviral infection. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, v. 164, р. 469-476.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Pavord I.D., Birring S.S., Berry M. еt al. Multiple inflammatory hits and the pathogenesis of severe airway disease. Eur. Resp. J. 2006, v. 27, р. 884-888.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Булатов П.К. Бронхиальная астма. Л., «Медицина». 1964, 366 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Булатов П.К. Клинико-физиологические основы классификации бронхиальной астмы. Материалы к V межобл. научн. конф. терапевтов «Этиология, патогенез, клиника и лечение заболеваний органов дыхания». Л., 1969, с. 258-265.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Федосеева В.Н. Иммунология бронхиальной астмы. Сов. мед. 1973, № 11, с. 3-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Федосеева В.Н. Роль нейссерий в этиологии и патогенезе бронхиальной астмы. Клинич. мед. 1980, № 4, с. 24-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Вишнякова Л.А., Фаустова М.Е., Сологуб Т.С. Инфекционный воспалительный процесс у больных бронхиальной астмой различного генеза. В сб.: Новое в этиологии, патогенезе, клинике и лечении бронхиальной астмы. Под ред. Г.Б. Федосеева. Л., 1985.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Собченко С.А., Счетникова О.С., Яковлева Н.В. Обострение неаллергической поздней астмы, индуцированное респираторной инфекцией. Пульмонология. 2005, № 1, с. 53-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Белоцерковская Ю.Г., Синопальников А.И. Бронхиальная астма, Chlamydophilapneumoniae и макролиды: дискуссия продолжается. Фарматека. 2009, № 19, с. 42-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wedzicha J.A., Donaldson G.C. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Care. 2003, v. 48, р. 1204-1214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Адрианова Н.В., Довжик В.П. и соавт. К вопросу об этиологии и специфической диагностике инфекционно-аллергической бронхиальной астмы. Сов. мед. 1968, № 9, с. 12-17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д. Современные проблемы аллергических реакций. Вестн. АМН СССР. 1979, № 1, с. 34-43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Федосеева В.Н. Иммунология бронхиальной астмы. Сов. мед. 1973, № 11, с. 3-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Адо А.Д., Федосеева В.Н. Роль нейссерий в этиологии и патогенезе бронхиальной астмы. Клинич. мед. 1980, № 4, с. 24-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеева В.Н., Молотилов Б.А., Ларина О.Н. и соавт. Бактериальная аллергия. Пенза. 2004, 213 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Трофимов В.И., Ровкина К.И. и соавт. Бронхиальная астма и инфекция: диагностика и принципы лечения. Пульмонология. 2008, № 5, с. 86-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Билев А.Е., Жестков А.В., Осипов Ю.А. и соавт. Условно патогенные микроорганизмы: роль в патологии человека и лекарственная устойчивость. Самара. 2009, 102 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Хаптиева Г.Э., Чучалин А.Г. Респираторная инфекция и бронхиальная астма. Пульмонология. 2008, № 5, с. 75-79.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>O’Mahony L., Akids M., Cramer R. et al. Novel immunotherapeutic approaches for allergy and asthma. Autoimmunity. 2010, v. 43, р. 493-503.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Farah C.S., Salome C.M. Asthma and obesity: a known association but unknown mechanism. Respirology. 2012, v. 17, р. 412-421.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Shore S.A. Obesity and asthma: possible mechanisms. Allegy Clin immunol. 2008, v. 121, р. 1087-1093.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hogg J.C., Maclem P.T., Thurbleck W.M. Site and nature of airway obstructions in chronic obstructive lung disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1968, v. 278, р. 1355-1360.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Tordera M.P. Complexity in asthma: Inflammation and scale-free net works. Arch. Bronconeumol. 2009, v. 45, р. 459-465</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Hacken N.H.T. Physical inactivity and obesity: relation to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2009, v. 6, р. 663-667.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Brode D.H., Finkelmationn F., Bochner B.S., Rothenberg M.E. Advances in mechanisms of asthma, allergy, and immunology in 2010. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011, v. 127, р. 689-695.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes P. J., Celli B.R. Systemic manifestation and comorbidities in COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 2009, v. 33, р. 1165-1185.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Коровина О.В., Тенигина Н.Г. Комплексная диагностика различных клинико-патогенетических вариантов бронхиальной астмы. Тер. арх. 1977, v. 6, р. 51-55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Holgate S.T. Novel targets of therapy in asthma. Curr. Ohin. Pulm. Med. 2009, v. 15, р. 63-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Holgate S.T., Polosa R. Treatment strategies for allergy and asthma. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, v. 8, р. 218-230.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Afshar R., Medoff B.D., Luster A.D. Allergic asthma: a tale of many T-cells. Clin. exp. Allergy. 2008, v. 38, р. 1847-1857.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Seoung J.P., Iong C.L. Interleukin-17 regulation: an attractive therapeutic approach for asthma. Respir. Res. 2010, v. 11, р. 78-88.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Ильина Н.И., Гудима Г.О. Иммуноопосредованные воспалительные заболевания. Объединяющая концепция. Рос. Аллергол. Журн. 2005, № 1, с. 10-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Pavord I.D., Birring S.S., Berry V. et al. Multiple inflammatory hits and the pathogenesis of severe airway disease. Eur. Resp. J. 2006, v. 27, р. 884-888.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson R.H., Whitehead G.S., Nakano H. et al. Allergic sensitization through the airway primes Th17-dependent neutrophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am. J. Respir. Care. Med. 2009, v. 180, р. 720-730.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Haldar P., Pavord I.D., Shaw D.E. et al. Cluster analysis and clinical asthma phenotypes. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2008, v. 178, р. 218-224.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes P.J. New molecular targets for the treatment of neutrophilic diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2007, v. 119, р. 1055-1062.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Bousquet J., Chanez P., Lacoste J.Y. et al. Eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990, v. 323, р. 1033-1039.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Wouters E.F.M., Reynaert N.L., Dentener M.A., Vernooy J.H. Systemic and local inflammation in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2009, v. 6, р. 638-647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Bowler R.P., Cropo J.D. Oxidative stress in allergic respiratory diseases. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2002, v. 110, р. 349-356.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>MacNee W. Oxidative stress and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. Monograph. 2006, v. 11, р. 100-129.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Cavarra E., Lucattelli M., Cambelli F. et al. Human SLPI inactivation after cigarette smoke exposure in a new in vivo model of pulmonary oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. Lung. Cell. Mol. Physiol. 2001, v. 281, р. 412-417.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Noguera A., Batle S., Miralles C. et al. Enhanced neutrophil response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 2001, v. 56, р. 432-437.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Cadek J., Fells C.A., Crystal R.G. Cigarette smoking induces functional antiprotease deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of humans. Science. 1979, v. 206, с. 1315-1316.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Mac Nee W. Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2005, v. 2, р. 258-266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Chung K.F., Caramori G., Groneberg D.A. et al. Airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. New Engl. Y. Med. 2004, v. 351, р. 1459-1461.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Sime P.J., O’Relly K.M. Fibrosis of the lung and other tissues: new concept in pathogenesis and treatment. Clin. Immunol. 2001, v. 99, р. 308-319.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Halwani R., Al-Muchsen S., Al-Jahdali H., Hamid Q. Role of Transforming growth factor-β in airway remodeling in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Cell Biol. 2011, v. 44, р. 127-133.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Tanaka H., Yamada G., Saikai T. et al. Increased airway vascularity in newly diagnosed asthma using a highmagnification bronchovideoscope. Am. Respir. Crit. Care Ved. 2003, v. 168, р. 1495-1499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Agusti F.G.N., Noguera A., Souleda J. et al. Systemic effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 2003, v. 21, р. 347-360.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Gan W.O., Man S.F.P., Senthilselvan A., Sin D.D. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax. 2004, v. 59, р. 574-580.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>De Torres J.P., Cordoba-Lanus E., Lopez-Aguilar C. et al. C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable COPD patients. Eur. Resp. J. 2006, v. 27, р. 902-907.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Dahl M., Vestbro J., Bojesen S.E. et al. C-reactive protein as a predictor of prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2007, v. 175, р. 250-255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Olafsdottir I.S., Gislason T., Thjodleifsson B. et al. C reactive protein levels are increased in non-allergic but not allergic asthma: a multicentre epidemiological study. Thorax. 2005, v. 60, р. 451-454.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Di Francia M., Barbier D., Mege J.l., Orehek J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, v. 150, р. 1453-1455.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Bjork A., Venge P., Peterson C.G. Measurements of ECP in serum and the impact of plasma coagulation. Allergy. 2000, v. 55, р. 442-448.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Barreto M., Villf M.P., Monti F. et al. Additive effect of eosinophilia and atopy on exhaled nitric oxide levels in children with or without a history of respiratory symptoms. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2005, v. 16, р. 52-58.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Warke T.J., Fitch P.S., Brown V. et al. Exhaled nitric oxide correlates with airway eosinophils in childhood asthma. Thorax. 2002, v. 57, р. 383-387.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Payne D.N., Adcock I.M., Wilson N.M. et al. Relationship between exhaled nitric oxide and mucosal eosinophilic inflammation in children with difficult asthma, after treatment with oral prednisolone. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, v. 164, р. 1376-1381.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Dweik R.A., Boggs P.B., Erzurum S.C. et al. An official ATS clinical guideline: interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (Feno) for clinical applications. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, v. 184, р. 602-615.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Ihre E., Gustafsson L.E., M. et al. Ealy rise in exhaled no and mast cell activation in repeated low dose allergen challenge. Eur. Respir. J. 2006, v. 27, р. 1152-1159.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Palma-Carlos A.G., Amélia Spinola Santos M., Palma-Carlos M.L. α1-антитрипсин, астма и аллергия. Астма. 2009, № 101, с. 27-28.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Шапошникова Н. А., Шулятьев И. С., Варванина Г.Г., Дроздов В.Н. Клиническое значение наследственного и приобретенного дефицита α1-антитрипсина у больных с циррозом печени и болезнью Вильсона-Коновалова. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2010, № 10, с. 12-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Буйкин С.В., Пузырев В.П. α1-антитрипсиновая недостаточность. Перспективы скрининга. Бюл. СО РАМН, 2004, № 1, с. 92-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Gooptu B., Ekeowa U.I., Lomas D.A. Mechanisms of emphysema in α1-antitrypsin deficiency: molecular and cellular insights. Eur. Respir. J. 2009, v. 34, р. 475-488.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Аверьянов А.В. Роль нейтрофильной эластазы в патогенезе хронической обструктивной болезни легких. Цитокины и воспаление. 2007, № 4, с. 3-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Vandivier R.W., Fadok V.A., Hoffmann P.R. et al. Elastase-mediated phosphatidylserine receptor cleav-age impairs apoptotic cell clearance in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, v. 109, р. 661-670.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Rubio F., Cooley J., Accurso F.J., Remold-O’Donnell E. Linkage of neutrophil serine proteases and decreased surfactant protein-A (SP-A) levels in inflammatory lung disease. Thorax. 2004, v. 59, р. 318-323.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Weinrauch Y., Drujan D., Shapiro S.D. et al. Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria. Nature. 2002, v. 41, р. 91-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Innes A.Z., Carrington S.D., Thornton D.J. et al. Ex vivo sputum analysis reveals impairment of protese-dependent mucus degradation by plasma proteins in acute asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2009, v. 180, р. 203-210.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Федосеев Г.Б., Трофимов В.И., Тимчик В.Г., Негруца К.В. и соавт. Оксид азота в выдыхаемом воздухе у больных бронхиальной астмой и хронической обструктивной болезнью легких в зависимости от особенностей течения заболевания. Рос. Аллергол. Журн. 2013, № 2, с. 12-18.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
