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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17147</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA17147</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Phenomenon of early and late response in chronic urticaria: analysis of complete symptom control durability and pathways to optimize therapy for exacerbations after omalizumab discontinuation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Феномен раннего и позднего ответа при хронической крапивнице: анализ устойчивости полного контроля симптомов и пути оптимизации терапии обострений после отмены омализумаба</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3028-2657</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203842925</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAI-1588-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8210-6478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naumova</surname><given-names>Veronika V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Наумова</surname><given-names>Вероника Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci (Med.), Associate Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy, Allergology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., доцент кафедры факультетской терапии, аллергологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>nika.naumova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2485-2243</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57216210734</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAI-1608-2020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6987-1057</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Beltyukov</surname><given-names>Evgeny K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бельтюков</surname><given-names>Евгений Кронидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Professor of the Department of Faculty Therapy, Allergology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корр РАН; профессор кафедры факультетской терапии, аллергологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>asthma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5345-7510</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gromov</surname><given-names>Aleksey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Громов</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>allergist-immunologist, City Outpatient Consultative Department of Allergology and Immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач аллерголог-иммунолог, Городское амбулаторно-консультативное отделение аллергологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>gralser87@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-2446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petukhova</surname><given-names>Anna Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петухова</surname><given-names>Анна Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>candidate of medical sciences, Head of the city outpatient and consultative department of allergology and immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, Заведующая городским амбулаторно-консультативным отделением аллергологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>anna-petuhova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1696-0543</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2980-4803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shambatova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамбатова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>general practitioner, cardiology department with therapeutic beds</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач терапевт, кардиологическое отделение с терапевтическими койками</p></bio><email>anya.tsaregorodtseva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education&#13;
«Ural state medical university»&#13;
of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Уральский государственный медицинский университет" Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central City Clinical Hospital No. 6</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральная городская клиническая больница №6</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central City Clinical Hospital No. 6</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральная городская больница № 6</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sverdlovsk Regional Hospital No. 2</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Свердловская областная больница №2</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01" publication-format="electronic"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-29"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-09-16"><day>16</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-10-01"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/about/submissions#copyrightNotice</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17147">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17147</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chronic urticaria is a heterogeneous disease where anti-IgE therapy with omalizumab is the standard of care for antihistamine-resistant cases. However, variability in response timing and high relapse rates after drug withdrawal require objective biomarkers to optimize treatment duration and reduce pharmacological burden.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To evaluate the impact of early vs. late clinical response phenotypes on total treatment duration and post-withdrawal symptom control retention based on real-world data, and to provide a scientific rationale for omalizumab retreatment as a steroid-sparing strategy.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A retrospective single-center study analyzed 50 patients with severe chronic urticaria across 84 omalizumab treatment episodes (300 mg every 4 weeks). Early response was defined as complete disease control (UAS7 = 0 and UCT = 16) at months 2 and 3. Relapse-free duration, systemic corticosteroid requirement, and baseline biomarkers were evaluated.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Early response was recorded in 32 episodes (40.5%), and late response in 47 (59.5%). Median relapse-free duration after withdrawal did not differ between early and late responders: 2.00 vs. 3.00 months (p = 0.256). However, early responders required significantly fewer injections: 8.00 vs. 12.00 (p &lt; 0.001). Post-withdrawal exacerbations were severe in 70.0% of cases. Early response associated with higher baseline total IgE (226.00 vs. 89.20 IU/mL; p = 0.011) and lymphocyte counts (2.67 × 10⁹/L vs. 2.04 × 10⁹/L; p = 0.019). Long-term drug-free remission (&gt;12 months) occurred in 34.5% of patients (n = 29) and correlated with lower baseline total IgE (55.50 vs. 150.00 IU/mL; p = 0.049), higher Systemic Immune-inflammation Index (637.40 vs. 466.08; p = 0.031), and higher platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios (131.07 vs. 120.66; p = 0.031). Logistic regression models were developed to estimate early response and long-term remission probabilities.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The speed of achieving symptom control during omalizumab therapy does not affect relapse-free duration after drug withdrawal. The identified biomarker inversion phenomenon supports a personalized approach: short intermittent steroid-sparing courses for early responders and extended therapy for patients with an autoimmune endotype.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Хроническая крапивница является гетерогенным заболеванием, при котором анти-IgE терапия омализумабом признана стандартом лечения при резистентности к антигистаминным препаратам. Однако вариабельность сроков наступления эффекта и высокий риск возобновления симптомов после отмены препарата требуют поиска объективных биомаркеров для оптимизации схем лечения и снижения медикаментозной нагрузки.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — на основании ретроспективного анализа данных реальной клинической практики оценить влияние феномена раннего и позднего клинического ответа на курсовую длительность анти-IgE-терапии и продолжительность сохранения контроля симптомов хронической крапивницы после отмены омализумаба, а также научно обосновать тактику купирования последующих обострений заболевания омализумабом как стероид-сберегающую стратегию.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено ретроспективное одноцентровое исследование с участием 50 пациентов с тяжелой хронической крапивницей, проанализировано 84 эпизода применения омализумаба (300 мг каждые 4 недели). Ранний ответ определялся как достижение полного контроля (индекс активности UAS7 равен 0 баллов и тест контроля крапивницы UCT равен 16 баллам) на 2-м и 3-м месяцах лечения. Оценивались длительность периода без обострений, потребность в системных глюкокортикостероидах, а также исходные клинико-лабораторные биомаркеры.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В группу раннего ответа вошли 32 эпизода (40,5%), в группу позднего ответа — 47 (59,5%). Медиана периода без обострений после отмены омализумаба между группами раннего и позднего ответа не различалась: 2,00 месяца против 3,00 месяцев (р=0,256). При этом пациенты с ранним ответом получили меньшее количество инъекций: 8,00 против 12,00 (р&lt;0,001). Обострения крапивницы после отмены омализумаба в 70,0% случаев протекали в тяжелой форме. Ранний ответ ассоциировался с более высоким исходным уровнем общего IgE (226,00 против 89,20 МЕ/мл; р=0,011) и количеством лимфоцитов крови (2,67х10<sup>9</sup>/л против 2,04 х10<sup>9</sup>/л; р=0,019). Развитие длительной безлекарственной ремиссии (более 12 месяцев) отмечалось у 34,5% пациентов (n=29) и коррелировало с более низким исходным уровнем общего IgE (55,50 против 150,00 МЕ/мл; р=0,049) и более высокими значениями системного иммуновоспалительного индекса (637,40 против 466,08; р=0,031) и тромбоцитарно-лимфоцитарного отношения (131,07 против 120,66; р=0,031). Разработаны логистические регрессионные модели для оценки вероятности раннего ответа и длительной ремиссии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Скорость достижения контроля над симптомами хронической крапивницы на фоне применения омализумаба не влияет на длительность периода без обострений после его отмены. Выявленный феномен биомаркерной инверсии позволяет обосновать персонализированный подход: применение коротких интермиттирующих стероид-сберегающих курсов у пациентов с ранним ответом и пролонгированной терапии при аутоиммунном эндотипе заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>early response</kwd><kwd>omalizumab</kwd><kwd>long-term drug-free remission</kwd><kwd>urticaria control</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ранний ответ</kwd><kwd>поздний ответ</kwd><kwd>длительная безлекарственная ремиссия, омализумаб</kwd><kwd>контроль крапивницы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the State assignment KRWJ-2025-0002 “Automated system for diagnostics, monitoring of chronic urticaria, angioedema based on digital technologies”, registration number 1024022700496-9.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках Государственного задания KRWJ-2025-0002 «Автоматизированная система диагностики, мониторинга хронической крапивницы, ангиоотеков на основе цифровых технологий», регистрационный номер 1024022700496-9.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	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