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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA17075</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">TREC and KREC Concentration in the Screening of Inborn Errors of Immunity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Концентрации TREC и KREC в диагностике врожденных дефектов иммунитета</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2191-435X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suleymanova</surname><given-names>Gulnara G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулейманова</surname><given-names>Гульнара Гамидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Врач-аллерголог-иммунолог</p></bio><email>sulejmanova653@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4952-3375</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5861-4579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilichin</surname><given-names>Vladislav A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василичин</surname><given-names>Владислав Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Junior Researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>vasilichin.vlad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-7928</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6339-6945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Setdikova</surname><given-names>Nailya Ch.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сетдикова</surname><given-names>Наиля Харисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Senior Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., в.н.с</p></bio><email>nh.setdikova@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-5960</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5963-4062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Евгений Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач аллерголог-иммунолог</p></bio><email>frolovevgeny@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-195X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4684-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Myasnikova</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мясникова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Senior Research Associate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с.</p></bio><email>t_miasnikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-3811</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8027-8625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Tatiana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ts_romanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0445-0533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Николай Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>PhD Student</bold></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>5898050@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-0640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8929-7644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latysheva</surname><given-names>Tatyana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латышева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tvlat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9280-8282</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5730-0925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kofiadi</surname><given-names>Ilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кофиади</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Corresponding Member, Russian Academy of Sciences;</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, член-корреспондент РАН;</p></bio><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1606-205X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2063-7973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latysheva</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латышева</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>ealat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center Institute of Immunology of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии», Москва, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Medsi Clinical Diagnostic Center in Shchelkovo, Shchelkovo, Moscow Region, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клинико-диагностический центр «МЕДСИ» в Щелково, Щелково, Московская область, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff3"><institution></institution></aff><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова, Москва, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center ― Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center — Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center — Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff8"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry named after A.I. Evdokimov, Moscow, Russia.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И. Евдокимова, Москва, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff9"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «ГНЦ Институт иммунологии» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff10"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова, Москва, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-10"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-20"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/user</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17075">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17075</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>The lack of accessible screening for inborn errors of immunity in adults significantly complicates the diagnosis of these conditions. In more than half of the cases, this leads to delayed disease detection and the development of irreversible complications in patients.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS: </italic></bold>To determine reference intervals for TREC and KREC concentrations in adults and evaluate the possibility of their use for inborn errors of immunity screening using the «NeoScreen SMA/TREC/KREC» test system.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold> A single-center observational cross-sectional controlled non-randomized study was conducted involving 101 patients. The study included groups with humoral and combined immune defects, divided into subgroups with predominant humoral immune defects («Antibody Synthesis Disorders») and combined immune defects («Combined inborn errors of immunity»), as well as a control group of conditionally healthy participants. TREC and KREC levels were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The study was conducted from September 2024 to August 2025. Statistical analysis included group comparisons (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests), ROC analysis. Reference intervals were determined using the direct method according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine recommendations. Statistical significance was confirmed at p&lt;0,05.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS: </italic></bold>The study included 101 participants: 46 patients in the control group and 55 patients with inborn errors of immunity. Statistically significant differences in TREC and KREC levels were observed between healthy participants under 39 years and over 40 years (p&lt;0,001 and p=0,003, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed: in the humoral immune defects group, KREC levels demonstrated AUC — 0,87, specificity — 95%, sensitivity — 68%. In the subgroup with combined immune defects, the method did not show statistically significant differences with the control group when comparing TREC and KREC levels (p=0,639 and p=0,092, respectively).</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS:</italic></bold> The development of separate threshold values for patients over 40 years of age is required. The method is effective for screening humoral immune disorders but is not suitable for combined forms of inborn errors of immunity. Despite the high specificity and sensitivity of KREC as a diagnostic marker, the method cannot be recommended as a replacement for existing diagnostic methods due to the availability of more accessible and effective screening approaches.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование</italic></bold><bold>:</bold> Отсутствие доступного скрининга врожденных дефектов иммунитета у взрослых существенно затрудняет диагностику данных состояний. Более чем в половине случаев это приводит к запоздалому выявлению заболеваний и развитию необратимых осложнений у пациентов.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic></bold><bold>:</bold> Определить референсные интервалы концентраций TREC и KREC у взрослых и оценить возможность их использования для скрининга врожденных дефектов иммунитета с помощью тест-системы «НеоСкрин SMA/TREC/KREC».</p> <p><bold><italic>Методы</italic>:</bold> Проведено одноцентровое обсервационное поперечное выборочное контролируемое нерандомизированное исследование с участием 101 пациента. Включены группы с гуморальными и комбинированными дефектами иммунитета, разделенные на подгруппы с преимущественными гуморальными дефектами иммунитета «Нарушения синтеза антител» и с комбинированными дефектами иммунитета «Комбинированные врожденные дефекты иммунитета», а также контрольная группа с условно здоровыми участниками. Определялись уровни TREC и KREC методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Исследование проводилось с сентября 2024 по август 2025 года. Статистический анализ включал сравнение групп (критерии Манна-Уитни и Краскелла-Уоллиса), ROC-анализ. Определение референсных интервалов проводилось прямым методом согласно рекомендациям международной федерации клинической химии и лабораторной медицины. Статистическая значимость подтверждалась при р&lt;0,05.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты</italic></bold><bold>:</bold> В исследование включены 101 участник: 46 пациентов в контрольной группе и 55 пациентов с врожденными дефектами иммунной системы. Отмечены статистически значимые различия уровней TREC и KREC между здоровыми участниками младше 39 лет и старше 40 лет (p&lt;0,001) и (р=0,003), соответственно. При анализе подгрупп: в группе гуморальных дефектов иммунитета уровень KREC показал AUC - 0,87, специфичность - 95%, чувствительность - 68%. В подгруппе с комбинированными дефектами иммунитета метод не показал статистически значимых различий с контрольной группой при сравнении уровней TREC и KREC (р=0,639) и (р=0,092), соответственно.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение</italic></bold><bold>:</bold> Требуется разработка отдельных пороговых значений для пациентов старше 40 лет. Метод эффективен для скрининга нарушений гуморального звена иммунитета, но не подходит для комбинированных форм врожденных дефектов иммунитета. Несмотря на высокую специфичность и чувствительность KREC как диагностического маркера, метод не может быть рекомендован как замена существующим методам диагностики из-за наличия более доступных и эффективных скрининговых подходов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Inborn errors of immunity</kwd><kwd>TREC</kwd><kwd>KREC</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd><kwd>diagnostics.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Врожденные дефекты иммунитета</kwd><kwd>TREC</kwd><kwd>KREC</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd><kwd>диагностика.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bousfiha A, Jeddane L, Picard C, et al. Human Inborn Errors of Immunity: 2019 Update of the IUIS Phenotypical Classification. J. Clin. Immunol. 2020;40(1):66-81. doi: 10.1007/s10875-020-00758-x EDN: WKBJEP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Korsunsky IA, Gordukova MA, Munblit DB, et al. 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