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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA17075</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BHBCNQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">TREC and KREC concentration in the screening of inborn errors of immunity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Концентрации TREC и KREC в диагностике врожденных дефектов иммунитета</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2191-435X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suleymanova</surname><given-names>Gulnara G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сулейманова</surname><given-names>Гульнара Гамидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sulejmanova653@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4952-3375</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5861-4579</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilichin</surname><given-names>Vladislav A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василичин</surname><given-names>Владислав Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vasilichin.vlad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2587-7928</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6339-6945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Setdikova</surname><given-names>Nailya Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сетдикова</surname><given-names>Наиля Харисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>nh.setdikova@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0800-5960</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5963-4062</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Evgeniy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Евгений Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>frolovevgeny@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-195X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4684-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Myasnikova</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мясникова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>t_miasnikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3350-3811</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8027-8625</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanova</surname><given-names>Tatiana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ts_romanova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0445-0533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Николай Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>5898050@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1508-0640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8929-7644</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latysheva</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латышева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tvlat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9280-8282</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5730-0925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kofiadi</surname><given-names>Il’ya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кофиади</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>kofiadi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1606-205X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2063-7973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Latysheva</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Латышева</surname><given-names>Елена Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>ealat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center — Institute of Immunology Federal Medical Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>189</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-10"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-20"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, АБВ-пресс</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">АБВ-пресс</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17075">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17075</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The lack of accessible screening for inborn errors of immunity in adults significantly complicates the diagnosis of these conditions. In more than half of the cases, this leads to delayed disease detection and the development of irreversible complications in patients.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To determine reference intervals for TREC and KREC concentrations in adults and evaluate the possibility of their use for inborn errors of immunity screening using the “NeoScreen SMA/TREC/KREC” test system.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A single-center observational cross-sectional controlled non-randomized study was conducted involving 101 patients. The study included groups with humoral and combined immune defects, divided into subgroups with predominant humoral immune defects (antibody synthesis disorders) and combined immune defects, as well as a control group of conditionally healthy participants. TREC and KREC levels were determined using polymerase chain reaction. The study was conducted from September 2024 to August 2025. Statistical analysis included group comparisons (Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests), ROC analysis. Reference intervals were determined using the direct method according to International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine recommendations. Statistical significance was confirmed at <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>The study included 101 participants: 46 patients in the control group and 55 patients with inborn errors of immunity. Statistically significant differences in TREC and KREC levels were observed between healthy participants under 39 years and over 40 years (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001 and <italic>p</italic> = 0,003, respectively). Subgroup analysis showed: in the humoral immune defects subgroup, KREC levels demonstrated area under curve — 0,87, specificity — 95 %, sensitivity — 68 %. In the subgroup with combined immune defects, the method did not show statistically significant differences with the control group when comparing TREC and KREC levels (<italic>p</italic> = 0,639 and <italic>p</italic> = 0,092, respectively).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The development of separate threshold values for patients over 40 years of age is required. The method is effective for screening humoral immune disorders but is not suitable for combined forms of inborn errors of immunity. Despite the high specificity and sensitivity of KREC as a diagnostic marker, the method cannot be recommended as a replacement for existing diagnostic methods due to the availability of more accessible and effective screening approaches.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Отсутствие доступного скрининга врожденных дефектов иммунитета у взрослых существенно затрудняет диагностику данных состояний. Более чем в половине случаев это приводит к запоздалому выявлению заболеваний и развитию необратимых осложнений.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — Определить референсные интервалы концентраций TREC и KREC у взрослых и оценить возможность их использования для скрининга врожденных дефектов иммунитета с помощью тест-системы «НеоСкрин SMA/TREC/KREC».</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Проведено пилотное проспективное сравнительное исследование с участием 101 пациента. Включены группы с гуморальными и комбинированными дефектами иммунитета, разделенные на подгруппы с преимущественно гуморальными (нарушения синтеза антител) и комбинированными дефектами иммунитета, а также группа контроля с условно здоровыми участниками. Определяли уровни TREC и KREC методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Исследование проводили с сентября 2024 г. по август 2025 г. Статистический анализ включал сравнение показателей групп (критерии Манна–Уитни и Краскела–Уоллиса), ROC-анализ. Референсные интервалы определяли прямым методом согласно рекомендациям Международной федерации клинической химии и лабораторной медицины. Статистическую значимость подтверждали при <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0,05.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследование включен 101 участник: 46 в группе сравнения и 55 с врожденными дефектами иммунной системы. Отмечены статистически значимые различия уровней TREC и KREC между здоровыми участниками младше 39 лет и старше 40 лет (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,001 и <italic>р</italic> = 0,003 соответственно). В подгруппе гуморальных дефектов иммунитета уровень KREC показал площадь под кривой 0,87, специфичность 95 %, чувствительность 68 %. В подгруппе с комбинированными дефектами иммунитета метод не показал статистически значимых различий с группой сравнения при сопоставлении уровней TREC и KREC (<italic>р</italic> = 0,639 и <italic>р</italic> = 0,092 соответственно).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Требуется разработка отдельных пороговых значений для пациентов старше 40 лет. Метод эффективен для скрининга нарушений гуморального звена иммунитета, но не подходит для комбинированных форм врожденных дефектов иммунитета. Несмотря на высокую специфичность и чувствительность KREC как диагностического маркера, метод не может быть рекомендован как замена существующим методам диагностики из-за наличия более доступных и эффективных скрининговых подходов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inborn error of immunity</kwd><kwd>TREC</kwd><kwd>KREC</kwd><kwd>adults</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врожденный дефект иммунитета</kwd><kwd>TREC</kwd><kwd>KREC</kwd><kwd>взрослые</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bousfiha AA, Jeddane L, Moundir A, et al. The 2024 update of IUIS phenotypic classification of human inborn errors of immunity. J Hum Immunol. 2025;1(1):e20250002. doi: 10.70962/jhi.20250002 EDN: EAJBDY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Korsunskiy IA, Gordukova MA, Munblit DB, et al. 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