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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17052</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA17052</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">RETRXJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rhinocytology: an undervalued diagnostic test?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Риноцитология. Недооцененный диагностический тест?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-7085</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2399-5783</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Macharadze</surname><given-names>Dali Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мачарадзе</surname><given-names>Дали Шотаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>dalim_a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gabrichevsky Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Г.Н. Габричевского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>411</fpage><lpage>421</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-27"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17052">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17052</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>There are various pheno-, endotypes of chronic rhinitis, which can clinically proceed in the same way and are difficult to distinguish even with a comprehensive approach to diagnosis. Since the prognosis and treatment of chronic rhinitis (allergic, non-infectious non-allergic rhinitis and local allergic rhinitis) most often differ, differential diagnosis of these diseases is important, especially when choosing drugs for each clinical situation. It is possible to obtain more accurate information about the state of the patient’s nasal mucosa at the moment by examining the patient’s nasal mucus cytology. Rhinocytology is a simple and non-invasive test that can help doctors differentiate various forms of chronic rhinitis.</p> <p>The purpose of this review is to analyze current concepts of the role of rhinocytology in chronic rhinitis in children and adults. It should be assumed that the assessment of the cellular composition in nasal mucus (the type and number of different cells, the presence of bacteria, fungi, etc.) will allow us to establish not only the type of inflammation (for example, allergic rhinitis, infectious rhinitis etc.), but will also help in choosing the most effective treatment individually for each patient. The review also examines in detail the features of using this diagnostic method in the daily practice of Russian doctors and abroad; issues related to changes in the cytology of nasal mucus in various forms of chronic rhinitis are discussed; the advantages and disadvantages of rhinocytology are highlighted. Researchers admit that due to its limited use in daily practice, the role of rhinocytology is underestimated. Meanwhile, this is a method that can really help clinicians in diagnosing and treating patients with various pheno-, endotypes of chronic rhinitis.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Существуют различные фено- и эндотипы хронических ринитов, которые клинически могут протекать одинаково, и их трудно различить даже при комплексном подходе к диагностике. Поскольку прогноз и лечение хронического ринита (аллергический, неинфекционный неаллергический и локальный аллергический ринит) чаще всего различаются, дифференциальная диагностика этих заболеваний имеет важное значение, особенно при выборе лекарственных препаратов для каждой клинической ситуации. Получить более точную информацию о состоянии слизистой оболочки носа пациента возможно с помощью цитологического исследования назального секрета. Риноцитология — простой и неинвазивный тест, который может помочь врачам в дифференциации различных форм хронического ринита.</p> <p>Цель обзора — анализ современных представлений о роли риноцитологии при хронических ринитах у детей и взрослых. Следует предположить, что оценка клеточного состава назального секрета (тип и количество клеток, наличие бактерий, грибов и т. п.) не только позволит установить тип воспаления (например, аллергический ринит, инфекционный ринит и т. п.), но и поможет в выборе наиболее эффективного лечения каждого пациента. Также подробно рассмотрены особенности использования этого диагностического метода в повседневной практике российских врачей и за рубежом; вопросы, касающиеся изменений цитологии назального секрета при различных формах хронического ринита; выделены преимущества и недостатки риноцитологии. Исследователи признают, что из-за ограниченного применения в повседневной практике роль риноцитологии недооценена. Между тем этот метод может помочь клиницистам в диагностике и лечении пациентов с различными фено- и эндотипами хронического ринита.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rhinocytology</kwd><kwd>nasal cytology</kwd><kwd>chronic rhinitis</kwd><kwd>allergic rhinitis</kwd><kwd>non-allergic non-infectious rhinitis</kwd><kwd>diagnostics</kwd><kwd>differential diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>pиноцитология</kwd><kwd>цитология назального секрета</kwd><kwd>хронический ринит</kwd><kwd>аллергический ринит</kwd><kwd>неаллергический неинфекционный ринит</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>дифференциальная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hellings PW, Klimek L, Cingi C, et al. Non-allergic rhinitis: position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 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