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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA17031</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the concentration dynamics of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, interleukin 4 and interferon γ in blood serum as predictive biomarkers of the allergen immunotherapy efficacy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение динамики концентраций аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне, интерлейкина 4 и интерферона γ в сыворотке крови как предиктивных биомаркеров эффективности аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7585-1390</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2714-0906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timoshenko</surname><given-names>Daria O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимошенко</surname><given-names>Дарья Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>d.o.timoshenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3250-0694</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5698-6436</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbacheva</surname><given-names>Oksana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбачева</surname><given-names>Оксана Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>kurbacheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6162-6726</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8072-9669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>iva66@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6257-6289</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7126-4748</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Александр Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>cahek_ahdreeb@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-9721</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7206-6660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nechay</surname><given-names>Ksenia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нечай</surname><given-names>Ксения Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xenya.ne4ay2016@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5140-1554</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3046-8033</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khodzhava</surname><given-names>Mariya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ходжава</surname><given-names>Мария Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. фарм наук</p></bio><email>educate.lec@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9761-8058</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5829-5580</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартынов</surname><given-names>Александр Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>immune48@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3556-969X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6715-5650</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyina</surname><given-names>Natalya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильина</surname><given-names>Наталья Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>instimmun@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4961-9640</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3199-9803</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaitov</surname><given-names>Musa R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаитов</surname><given-names>Муса Рахимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>mr.khaitov@nrcii.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center — Institute of Immunology Federal Medical-Biological Agency</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр «Институт иммунологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи и медицинских технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-08-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>248</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-16"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-08-19"><day>19</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-10-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17031">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/17031</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The only pathogenetic method for treatment of respiratory allergic diseases is allergen immunotherapy. Despite the fact that this method has been used for over a hundred years, its exact mechanisms continue to be studied, and predictive biomarkers that could optimize the selection of patients for therapy are lacking.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To assess the clinical significance of changes in the levels of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, interleukin 4 and interferon γ in blood serum as predictive biomarkers of the allergen immunotherapy efficacy in patients with respiratory allergies.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>A prospective, single-center study included patients with allergic rhinitis with/without asthma caused by sensitization to allergens of house dust mite and healthy volunteers. Patients in the treatment group received therapy with sublingual allergens of house dust mite for six months; the severity of clinical symptoms was assessed at control visits (before, after 2 and 6 months of therapy). Biomaterial was collected once from healthy volunteers and at every control visit from the patients of the treatment group to assess the concentrations of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, interleukin 4 and interferon γ in serum using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:<italic> </italic></bold>Both treatment and control groups included 10 adult volunteers, matched for age, gender, and baseline cytokine levels (<italic>p</italic> &gt;0.05). The treatment group had a higher baseline level of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001). All patients achieved clinical improvement after 6 months of therapy in relation to allergic rhinitis symptoms, patients with asthma achieved improvement after 2 months, this improvement was sustained throughout the observation period. Evaluation of biomarker changes showed a significant increase in the level of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva by the 2<sup>nd</sup> month of treatment (<italic>p</italic> = 0.006), an increase in the concentration of interferon γ in the serum by the 6<sup>th</sup> month (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002). The concentration of interleukin 4 in the serum increased by the 2<sup>nd</sup> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002) and decreased by the 6<sup>th</sup> (<italic>p</italic> = 0.002) month. The change in the concentration of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva, interleukin 4 in serum did not correlate with the therapy efficacy, the change in the concentration of interferon γ correlated with the therapy efficacy after 6 months of therapy in relation to symptoms of allergic rhinitis (rs = −0.782; <italic>p </italic>= 0.012) and asthma (rs = 0.943; <italic>p</italic> = 0.017).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The obtained results indicate that changes in the levels of Th1- and Th2-cytokines in the blood serum, induction of the synthesis of allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A in the oral cavity participate in the mechanisms of the sublingual allergen immunotherapy effect. The data of the correlation analysis, assessed at a two-month and six-month interval during allergen immunotherapy, allow us to identify changes in the concentration of interferon γ in the serum as potential predictive biomarker of allergen immunotherapy efficacy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Единственным патогенетическим методом лечения респираторных аллергических заболеваний является аллергенспецифическая иммунотерапия. Несмотря на то что данный метод используется более 100 лет, его точные механизмы продолжают изучаться, а предиктивные биомаркеры, позволяющие оптимизировать отбор пациентов для проведения терапии, отсутствуют.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> —<italic> </italic>оценка клинической значимости изменения уровней аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне, интерлейкина 4 и интерферона γ в сыворотке крови как предиктивных биомаркеров реализации эффекта аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии у пациентов с респираторной аллергией.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold><italic>.</italic> В проспективное одноцентровое исследование включены пациенты с аллергическим ринитом и бронхиальной астмой или без нее, обусловленными сенсибилизацией к аллергенам клещей домашней пыли, а также здоровые добровольцы. Пациенты группы лечения получали терапию сублингвальными <italic>ал</italic>лергенами клещей домашней пыли в течение полугода, на контрольных визитах (до, через 2 и 6 мес терапии) оценивали выраженность симптомов. У здоровых добровольцев однократно, у пациентов группы лечения на контрольных визитах осуществляли забор биоматериала для оценки концентраций аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне, интерлейкина 4 и интерферона γ в сыворотке методом иммуноферментного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>В группы лечения и контроля включены по 10 взрослых добровольцев, сопоставимых по возрасту, полу, исходному уровню цитокинов (<italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05). В группе лечения отмечался более высокий исходный уровень аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001). У всех пациентов через 6 мес терапии достигнуто клиническое улучшение в отношении симптомов аллергического ринита, у пациентов с бронхиальной астмой — через 2 мес терапии, при этом данный эффект был устойчивым в течение всего периода наблюдения. При оценке изменений биомаркеров показаны значительное увеличение уровня аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне ко 2-му месяцу лечения (<italic>p</italic> = 0,006), повышение концентрации интерферона γ в сыворотке — к 6-му месяцу (<italic>p</italic> = 0,002). Концентрация интерлейкина 4 в сыворотке увеличивалась ко 2-му (<italic>p</italic> = 0,002) и снижалась к 6-му (<italic>p</italic> = 0,002) месяцу. Изменение концентраций аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в слюне, интерлейкина 4 в сыворотке крови не коррелировало с эффектом терапии, изменение концентрации интерферона γ коррелировало с эффектом терапии через 6 мес в отношении симптомов аллергического ринита (rs = −0,782; <italic>p</italic> = 0,012) и бронхиальной астмы (rs = 0,943; <italic>p</italic> = 0,017).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что изменение уровней Th1- и Th2-цитокинов в сыворотке крови, индукция синтеза аллергенспецифических секреторных иммуноглобулинов A в ротовой полости участвуют в реализации эффекта сублингвальной аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии. Данные корреляционного анализа, оцененные на двух- и шестимесячном интервале при проведении аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии позволяют выделить изменения уровня концентрации интерферона γ в сыворотке в качестве потенциального предиктивного биомаркера эффективности терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allergen immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>predictive biomarker</kwd><kwd>efficacy biomarker</kwd><kwd>interleukin 4</kwd><kwd>interferon γ</kwd><kwd>allergen-specific secretory immunoglobulin A</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллергенспецифическая иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>предиктивный биомаркер</kwd><kwd>биомаркер эффективности</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин 4</kwd><kwd>интерферон γ</kwd><kwd>аллергенспецифический секреторный иммуноглобулин A</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Российская ассоциация аллергологов и клинических иммунологов, Национальная медицинская ассоциация оториноларингологов, Союз педиатров России. 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