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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16994</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA16994</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biomarkers of T2 inflammation in the diagnosis and monitoring of eosinophilic esophagitis in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биомаркеры Т2-воспаления в диагностике и мониторинге эозинофильного эзофагита у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6945-1104</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5222-7651</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyazankina</surname><given-names>Svetlana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вязанкина</surname><given-names>Светлана Святославовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>svsvpav@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-403X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2094-2840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>Svetlana G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>Светлана Геннадиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>sm27@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8305-7592</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4738-3410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lokhmatov</surname><given-names>Maksim M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лохматов</surname><given-names>Максим Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>lokhmatov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-8570</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5906-9724</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murashkin</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурашкин</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>m_nn2001@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-7298</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3845-2759</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Budkina</surname><given-names>Tatyana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Будкина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>tatyana-budkina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8923-4652</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3647-4967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikina</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семикина</surname><given-names>Елена Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>semikinaelena@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5263-6743</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9899-1095</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Snovskaya</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сновская</surname><given-names>Марина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>snows@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9213-5281</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5227-3102</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kurbatova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Курбатова</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>putintseva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6292-7229</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8783-9571</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhuzhula</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жужула</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anas-zh@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-7946</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4397-6291</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fisenko</surname><given-names>Andrey P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фисенко</surname><given-names>Андрей Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>director@nczd.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-652X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3893-9946</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ereshko</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерешко</surname><given-names>Оксана Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ksenya2005@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4166-062X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9085-3568</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Valeriya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Валерия Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>valeriak06120@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central State Medical Academy</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральная государственная медицинская академия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-06-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>122</fpage><lpage>134</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-21"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-18"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-03"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16994">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16994</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>B</bold><bold>ACKGROUND</bold><italic>:</italic> Eosinophilic esophagitis is an immune-mediated disease associated with activation of T2 inflammation in esophageal tissues. Monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis activity in children requires invasive diagnostic methods using general anesthesia. The study of T2 inflammatory biomarkers is currently not a generally accepted diagnostic method but may be an informative and more accessible way to monitor eosinophilic esophagitis in children over time.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><italic>:</italic> Comparative assessment of serum markers of T2 inflammation in children with eosinophilic esophagitis and other T2-associated diseases and determination of the potential of these biomarkers for monitoring the course of eosinophilic esophagitis.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS</bold><italic>:</italic> A cross-sectional, single-center comparative study included patients with eosinophilic esophagitis and other T2-associated diseases without eosinophilic esophagitis aged under 18 years. All patients underwent clinical and laboratory tests, esophagogastroduodenoscopy with morphological examination of esophageal mucosa biopsy specimens. Eosinophilic esophagitis activity was assessed using the I-SEE index. The concentrations of cytokines involved in the T2 type immune response were determined in blood serum using enzyme immunoassay.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><italic>:</italic> The study included 80 patients: 40 patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, the comparison group included 40 children with other T2-associated diseases without eosinophilic esophagitis. Male patients were statistically significantly more common in the eosinophilic esophagitis group (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004). Immunoglobulin E- and non-immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy were statistically significantly more common in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (<italic>p</italic> = 0.003 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.002, respectively). The levels of interleukin 4 and 13 were statistically significantly higher in the comparison group (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001). However, after dividing patients with eosinophilic esophagitis into subgroups by the degree of disease activity, in patients with low eosinophilic esophagitis activity, the level of interleukin 4, 13 and eotaxin-3 was statistically significantly lower (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001). The level of eosinophil peroxidase was statistically significantly higher than in the comparison group and in patients with higher eosinophilic esophagitis activity and (<italic>p</italic> = 0.045 and <italic>p</italic> = 0.030, respectively). All patients with eosinophilic esophagitis complicated by esophageal stenosis had 15 or more points on I-SEE. The level of interleukin 33 in patients with esophageal stenosis was statistically significantly higher than in patients without stenosis (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><italic>:</italic> Biomarkers of T2 inflammation demonstrated statistical significance in relation to the activity and severity of eosinophilic esophagitis. The obtained results highlight the high potential of using these biomarkers as a minimally invasive method for dynamic monitoring of disease activity, opening up new possibilities for a personalized approach to the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Эозинофильный эзофагит представляет собой иммуноопосредованное заболевание, связанное с активацией Т2-воспаления в тканях пищевода. Для мониторинга активности эозинофильного эзофагита у детей требуются инвазивные диагностические методы с применением общей анестезии. Исследование биомаркеров T2-воспаления не является общепринятым методом диагностики, однако может оказаться информативным и более доступным способом динамического контроля активности заболевания у детей.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — сравнительная оценка уровней сывороточных маркеров T2-воспаления у детей с эозинофильным эзофагитом и другими T2-ассоциированными заболеваниями и определение потенциала данных биомаркеров для мониторинга течения эозинофильного эзофагита.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. В одномоментное одноцентровое обсервационное исследование включены пациенты с эозинофильным эзофагитом и другими Т2-ассоциированными заболеваниями без эозинофильного эзофагита в возрасте 1–17 лет. Всем пациентам проведены клинико-лабораторные исследования, эзофагогастродуоденоскопия с морфологическим исследованием биоптатов слизистой оболочки пищевода. Активность эозинофильного эзофагита оценивали с помощью индекса I-SEE. Методом иммуноферментного анализа в сыворотках крови определяли концентрации цитокинов, участвующих в Т2-типе иммунного ответа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. В исследование включены 80 пациентов: 40 — с эозинофильным эзофагитом; в контрольную группу вошли 40 детей с другими Т2-ассоциированными заболеваниями без эозинофильного эзофагита. Пациенты мужского пола статистически значимо преобладали в группе с эозинофильным эзофагитом (<italic>р</italic> = 0,004). Пищевая аллергия, опосредованная и не опосредованная иммуноглобулином E, статистически значимо чаще встречалась у пациентов с эозинофильным эзофагитом (<italic>р</italic> = 0,003 и <italic>р</italic> = 0,002 соответственно). Уровни интерлейкинов 4 и 13 были статистически значимо выше в контрольной группе (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001), однако после разделения пациентов с эозинофильным эзофагитом на подгруппы по степени активности заболевания у больных с низкой активностью уровни интерлейкинов 4, 13 и эотаксина-3 были статистически значимо ниже (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001), уровень эозинофильной пероксидазы — статистически значимо выше, чем в контрольной группе и у пациентов с более высокой активностью заболевания (<italic>р</italic> = 0,045 и <italic>р</italic> = 0,030 соответственно). Все пациенты с эозинофильным эзофагитом, осложненным стенозом пищевода, имели ≥15 баллов по I-SEE. Уровень интерлейкина 33 у пациентов со стенозом пищевода был статистически значимо выше, чем у пациентов без него (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Сывороточные маркеры Т2-воспаления продемонстрировали статистическую значимость в отношении активности и тяжести течения эозинофильного эзофагита. Полученные результаты подчеркивают высокий потенциал использования данных биомаркеров как малоинвазивного метода для динамического контроля активности заболевания, открывая новые возможности для персонализированного подхода к лечению эозинофильного эзофагита у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>eosinophilic esophagitis</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>blood serum</kwd><kwd>T2 inflammation</kwd><kwd>chemokine</kwd><kwd>esophagogastroduodenoscopy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эозинофильный эзофагит</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>Т2-воспаление</kwd><kwd>сывороточный маркер</kwd><kwd>хемокин</kwd><kwd>эзофагогастродуоденоскопия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dhar A, Haboubi HN, Attwood SE, et al. 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