<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16991</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA16991</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">T-cell immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers 2.5–3 years after COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>T-клеточный иммунный ответ на SARS-CoV-2 у медицинских работников через 2,5–3 года после перенесенной COVID-19</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-6861</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3255-0088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikova</surname><given-names>Irina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетникова</surname><given-names>Ирина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>reshira@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-3604</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5089-5565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>Yuriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>tyurin.yurii@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9322-2689</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1748-7760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fassakhov</surname><given-names>Rustem S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фассахов</surname><given-names>Рустэм Салахович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>farrus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4411-8786</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4897-1326</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agafonova</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агафонова</surname><given-names>Елена Валентиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>agafono@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) Федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>11</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-06"><day>06</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, PH “ABV-Press”</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «ИД «АБВ-пресс»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">PH “ABV-Press”</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «ИД «АБВ-пресс»</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-04-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16991">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16991</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The T cell adaptive immune response is an important factor in the formation of antiviral defense against SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> Тo study T cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers of a temporary infectious diseases hospital in Kazan — COVID-19 convalescents 2.5–3 years after the infection using the IGRA-ELISPOT technology.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The immune response to the most SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic peptides S, N, ORF-3a, ORF-7a was studied in 91 healthcare workers of the city of Kazan 2.5–3 years after suffering from COVID-19 of varying severity and varying vaccine status. The results were recorded by the number of formed spots: imprints of one T cell secreting interferon γ in response to antigenic stimulation. The number of obtained spots characterized the content of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 antigens and made it possible to assess individual immune response. Statistical processing wasperformed using variation statistics methods using the statistical package Excel 2016 and WinPepi Version 11, 65. The relative frequency of a trait (P) and the error in the relative frequency value (m) were calculated. The study results were compared using the χ2-test when the number of observations was more than 5 and Fisher’s exact method when the number of observations was 5 or less. Differences were considered significant at <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> 2.5–3 years after experiencing COVID-19 infection, T-cell immune response to S protein peptides is recorded in 72.53 ± 5.50 %, and to structural peptides N, M, ORF3a and ORF7a in 86.81 ± 3.81 % (χ2-test 5.733; <italic>p</italic> = 0.017) of medical workers. A higher level of T cell immunity to S protein peptides of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is observed in healthcare workers who have had moderate/severe COVID-19. The preservation of the parameters of hybrid immunity compared to post-infectious immunity is higher, which is significant both for groups with a history of clinical manifestations of COVID-19 and for the group with asymptomatic forms.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our empirically established ranking of the number of spots in classes can be used to assess individual cellular immunity and stratify the risks of re-infection in healthcare workers. A negative result of the T cell immune response to the spike S protein antigen may be the basis for deciding whether to re-vaccinate healthcare workers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Т-клеточный адаптивный иммунный ответ — важный фактор в формировании противовирусной защиты в отношении SARS-CoV-2.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> <bold>исследования</bold> — изучить Т-клеточный иммунитет к иммуногенным пептидам вируса<bold> </bold>SARS-CoV-2<bold> </bold>в группе медицинских работников временного инфекционного госпиталя — реконвалесцентов COVID-19 через 2,5–3 года после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции с использованием технологии IGRA-ELISPOT.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Изучен иммунный ответ на наиболее иммуногенные пептиды белков вируса SARS-CoV-2 S, N, М, ORF-3a, ORF-7a у 91 медицинского работника временного инфекционного госпиталя города Казани через 2,5–3 года после перенесенной инфекции COVID-19 разной степени тяжести с различным вакцинальным статусом. Результаты регистрировали по числу образованных спотов — отпечатков одной Т-клетки, секретирующей интерферон γ в ответ на антигенную стимуляцию. Число полученных пятен характеризовало содержание специфичных для антигенов SARS-CoV-2 CD4<sup>+</sup> и CD8<sup>+</sup> Т-клеток периферической крови и позволяло оценивать индивидуальный иммунный ответ. Статистическую обработку проводили методами вариационной статистики, используя пакеты Exсel 2016 и WinPepi Version 11, 65. Рассчитывали относительную частоту признака (P), ошибку относительной величины частоты (m). Сравнение результатов исследования проводили с использованием χ<sup>2</sup>-критерия при числе наблюдений более 5 и точного метода Фишера при числе наблюдений 5 и менее. Различия считали значимыми при <italic>р</italic> &lt;0,05.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Через 2,5–3 года после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции Т-клеточный иммунный ответ к пептидам S-белка зарегистрирован у 72,53 ± 5,50 % медицинских работников, а к структурным пептидам N, M, ORF3a и ORF7a — у 86,81 ± 3,81 % (χ<sup>2</sup>-критерий 5,733; <italic>p</italic> = 0,017). Более высокий уровень Т-клеточного иммунитета на S-пептиды вируса SARS-CoV-2 отмечен у медицинских работников, перенесших среднетяжелую/тяжелую форму COVID-19. Сохранность параметров гибридного иммунитета по сравнению с постинфекционным выше, что является значимым как для групп с клинической манифестацией COVID-19 в анамнезе, так и для группы с бессимптомными формами.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Установленное нами эмпирическим путем ранжирование числа спотов в классах может использоваться для оценки индивидуального клеточного иммунитета и стратификации рисков повторного инфицирования у медицинских работников. Отрицательный результат Т-клеточного иммунного ответа к антигену шиповидного S-протеина может быть основанием для решения вопроса о повторной вакцинации медицинских работников.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>healthcare worker</kwd><kwd>T-cell immune response</kwd><kwd>IGRA-ELISPOT</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>медицинский работник</kwd><kwd>Т- клеточный иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>IGRA-ELISPOT</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsigengagel OP, Glushkova NE, Khismetova ZA, et al. Medical safety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Literature review. Science and Healthcare. 2021;23(2):13–23. (In Russ.). doi: 10.34689/SH.2021.23.2.0022</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цигенгагель О.П., Глушкова Н.Е., Хисметова З.А., и др. Медицинская безопасность в период пандемии COVID-19. Обзор литературы // Наука и здравоохранение. 2021. Т. 23, № 2. С. 13–23. doi: 10.34689/SH.2021.23.2.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garanina E, Hamza S, Stott-Marshall RJ, et al. Antibody and T cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in COVID-19 convalescent patients. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:842232. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garanina E., Hamza S., Stott-Marshall R.J., et al. Antibody and T cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 peptides in COVID-19 convalescent patients // Front Microbiol. 2022. Vol. 13. P. 842232. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.842232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ni L, Ye F, Cheng ML, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Immunity. 2020;52(6):971–977. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ni L., Ye F., Cheng M.L., et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals // Immunity. 2020. Vol. 52, N 6. P. 971–977. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lobov AV, Ivanova PI, Pogodina EA, et al. Assessment of the cellular immunity response to the newcoronavirus infection COVID-19. Russian Journal of Biotherapy. 2021;20(4):10–17. (In Russ.). doi: 10.17650/1726-9784-2021-20-4-10-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лобов А.В., Иванова П.И., Погодина Е.А., и др. Оценка клеточного звена иммунитета при новой коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19. Российский биотерапевтический журнал. 2021. Т. 20, № 4. С. 10–17. doi: 10.17650/1726-9784-2021-20-4-10-17</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poteryayev DA, Abbasova SG, Ignatieva PE, et al. Assessment of T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals who have recovered from and were vaccinated against COVID-19 using the TigraTest® SARS-CoV-2 ELISPOT kit. BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2021;21(3):178–192. (In Russ.). doi: 10.30895/2221-996X-2021-21-3-178-192</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Потеряев Д.А., Аббасова С.Г., Игнатьева П.Е., и др. Оценка Т-клеточного иммунитета к SARS-CoV-2 у переболевших и вакцинированных против COVID-19 лиц с помощью ELISPOT набора ТиграТест® SARS-CoV-2 // БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2021. Т. 21, № 3. С. 178–192. doi: 10.30895/2221-996X-2021-21-3-178-192</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Watanabe Y, Allen JD, Wrapp D, et al. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Science. 2020;369(6501):330–333. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9983</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Watanabe Y., Allen J.D., Wrapp D., et al. Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike // Science. 2020. Vol. 369, N 6501. P. 330–333. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9983</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verma J, Kaushal N, Manish M, et al. Identification of conserved immunogenic peptides of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2024;42(20):11098–11114. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2260484</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma J., Kaushal N., Manish M., et al. Identification of conserved immunogenic peptides of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein // J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2024. Vol. 42, N 20. P. 11098–11114. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2260484</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies. Viruses. 2020;12(3):254. doi: 10.3390/v12030254</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ahmed S.F., Quadeer A.A., McKay M.R. Preliminary identification of potential vaccine targets for the COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) based on SARS-CoV immunological studies // Viruses. 2020. Vol. 12, N 3. P. 254. doi: 10.3390/v12030254</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arndt AL, Larson BJ, Hogue BG. A conserved domain in the coronavirus membrane protein tail is important for virus assembly. J Virol. 2010;84(21):11418–11428. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01131-10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arndt A.L., Larson B.J., Hogue B.G. A conserved domain in the coronavirus membrane protein tail is important for virus assembly // J Virol. 2010. Vol. 84, N 21. P. 11418–11428. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01131-10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bruyakin SD, Makarevich DA. Structural proteins of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus: role, immunogenicity, superantigenic properties and potential use for therapeutic purposes. Journal of the Volgograd State Medical University. 2021;2(78):18–27. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бруякин С.Д., Макаревич Д.А. Структурные белки коронавируса SARS-CoV-2: роль, иммуногенность, суперантигенные свойства и возможности использования для терапевтических целей // Вестник ВолгГМУ. 2021. Т.2, № 78. С. 18–27.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arshad N, Laurent-Rolle M, Ahmed WS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a use distinct mechanisms to down-regulate MHC-I surface expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023;120(1):e2208525120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208525120</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arshad N., Laurent-Rolle M., Ahmed W.S., et al. SARS-CoV-2 accessory proteins ORF7a and ORF3a use distinct mechanisms to down-regulate MHC-I surface expression // Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2023. Vol. 120, N 1. P. e2208525120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208525120</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerasimova VV, Kolesnik SV, Kudlay DA, Golderova AS. Assessment of the immune response of SARS-GoV-2-specific T cells using the method ELISPOT. Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2022;7(5–2):96–102. (In Russ.). doi: 10.29413/ABS.2022-7.5-2.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Герасимова В.В., Колесник С.В., Кудлай Д.А., Гольдерова А.С. Оценка иммунного ответа SARS-GoV-2-специфичных Т-клеток методом ELISPOT // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. 2022. Т. 7, № 5–2. С. 96–102. doi: 10.29413/ABS.2022-7.5-2.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshetnikova ID, Agafonova EV, Gilyazutdinova GF, et al. Study of indicators of T-cell specific immunity in medical workers-convalescents of COVID 19 in long-term dynamics. Microbiology in Modern Medicine. Kazan, 2023. P. 69–72. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Решетникова И.Д., Агафонова Е.В., Гилязутдинова Г.Ф., и др. Исследование показателей Т-клеточного специфического иммунитета у медицинских работников — реконвалесцентов COVID 19 в динамике длительного наблюдения // Микробиология в современной медицине. Казань, 2023. С. 69–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reshetnikova ID, Agafonova EV, Gilyazutdinova GF. Evaluation of specific T-cell immunity in vaccinated medical workers – COVID-19 convalescents during long-term follow-up (2.5–3 years). Journal Infectology. 2024;16(2 appx 2):146. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Решетникова И.Д., Агафонова Е.В., Гилязутдинова Г.Ф. Оценка специфического Т-клеточного иммунитета у вакцинированных медицинских работников — реконвалесцентов COVID-19 при долговременном мониторинге (2,5–3 года) // Журнал инфектологии. 2024. Т. 16, № 2, прил. 2. С. 146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agafonova EV, Reshetnikova ID, Gilyazutdinova GF, Gatina GCh. Indicators of specific T cell immunity in medical workers — convalescents of COVID-19 during long-term observation. Journal of Infectology. 2024;16(2 appx 2):82. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агафонова Е.В., Решетникова И.Д., Гилязутдинова Г.Ф., Гатина Г.Ч. Показатели специфического Т-клеточного иммунитета у медицинских работников — реконвалесцентов COVID-19 при длительном наблюдении // Журнал инфектологии. 2024. Т. 16, № 2, прил. 2. С. 82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toptygina AP, Afridonova ZE, Zakirov RSh, Semikina EL. Maintaining immunological memory to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a pandemic. Infection and Immunity. 2023;13(1):55–66. (In Russ.). doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-MIM-2009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина А.П., Афридонова З.Э., Закиров Р.Ш., Семикина Е.Л. Поддержание иммунологической памяти к вирусу SARS-CoV-2 в условиях пандемии // Инфекция и иммунитет. 2023. Т. 13, № 1. С. 55–66. doi: 10.15789/2220-7619-MIM-2009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blyakher MS, Fedorova IM, Tulskaya EA, et al. Development and preservation of specific T-cell immunity after COVID-19 or vaccination against this infection. Problems of Virology. 2023;68(3):205–214. (In Russ.). doi: 10.36233/0507-4088-171</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бляхер М.С., Федорова И.М., Тульская Е.А., и др. Формирование и сохранение специфического Т-клеточного иммунитета после перенесенной COVID-19-инфекции или вакцинации против нее // Вопросы вирусологии. 2023. Т. 68, № 3. C. 205–214. doi: 10.36233/0507-4088-171</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yao L, Wang GL, Shen Y, et al. Persistence of antibody and cellular immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 patients over nine months after infection. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(4):586–594. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab255</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yao L., Wang G.L., Shen Y., et al. Persistence of antibody and cellular immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019 patients over nine months after infection // J Infect Dis. 2021. Vol. 224, N 4. P. 586–594. doi: doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab255</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rank A, Tzortzini A, Kling E, et al. One year after mild COVID-19: the majority of patients maintain specific immunity, but one in four still suffer from long-term symptoms. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3305. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153305</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rank A., Tzortzini A., Kling E., et al. One year after mild COVID-19: the majority of patients maintain specific immunity, but one in four still suffer from long-term symptoms. J Clin Med. 2021. Vol. 10, N 15. P. 3305. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153305</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
