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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16990</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA16990</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Artificial intelligence tools for phenotyping patients with anaphylaxis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Использование средств искусственного интеллекта для фенотипирования пациентов с анафилаксией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-8355</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3507-9106</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>katrin88866@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-5276</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3857-0010</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dushkin</surname><given-names>Alexander D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Душкин</surname><given-names>Александр Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alex@drdushkin.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9545-4720</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1857-8154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedkina</surname><given-names>Marina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедкина</surname><given-names>Марина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marina.ivanova0808@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3794-4991</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7721-1941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukhina</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мухина</surname><given-names>Ольга Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mukhina.o.a@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-9178</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2884-5000</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglova</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>surckova.t@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-4636</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4372-7358</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>Sergey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>Сергей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nerowolf@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2337-3307</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5028-4695</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurtazina</surname><given-names>Asel Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нуртазина</surname><given-names>Асель Юсуповна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>asel26nurtazina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1547-2426</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Beesoohappy@yacat.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4990-8861</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Polina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Полина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>polynech1902@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-8473</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9722-7961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pampura</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пампура</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>apampura1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1930-5424</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4122-5565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaulov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Караулов</surname><given-names>Александр Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>drkaraulov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6010-7975</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3887-6250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lysenko</surname><given-names>Mariana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лысенко</surname><given-names>Марьяна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>lysenkiMA@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-6637</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3023-4538</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>Darya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Дарья Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>daria_fomina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow City Hospital 52</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Городская клиническая больница № 52, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for High Medical Technologies — Central Military Clinical Hospital named after A.A. Vishnevsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр высоких медицинских технологий — Центральный военный клинический госпиталь имени А.А. Вишневского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Morozov Children’s City Clinical Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Морозовская детская городская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">LIFT Center LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «ЛИФТ Центр»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Astana Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский университет Астана</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>10</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, PH “ABV-Press”</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ООО «ИД «АБВ-пресс»</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">PH “ABV-Press”</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО «ИД «АБВ-пресс»</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-04-10"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16990">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16990</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Anaphylaxis is the most severe manifestation of immediate systemic hypersensitivity reactions. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of reported cases of anaphylaxis. Given the variety of clinical manifestations behind the diagnosis of “anaphylaxis”, one of the most urgent issues at present is the task of phenotyping and endotyping of patients with this life-threatening pathology as part of implementation of the individual approach, both during treatment in the acute period and diagnosis in the period of recovery.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> To find the main clinical phenotypes of patients with immediate hypersensitivity reactions, which will further allow stratifying patients by risk groups bringing therapeutic and diagnostic algorithms to the modern level of personalized medicine.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> The study was conducted based on retrospective stepwise analysis of patient medical record data from 2019 to 2022. To identify relatively homogeneous groups of patients based on clinical, agglomerative clustering was performed on 56 variables followed by 2 principal component extraction using the dimensionality reduction method with t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. Agglomerative clustering divided patients into 4 major clinical phenotypes, and each patient was assigned a corresponding phenotype.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Based on this analysis, 4 phenotypes of patients with severe immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions were identified.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> A new classification based on the use of phenotypes, endotypes and biomarkers is currently being developed to broaden our understanding of anaphylactic reactions. Given the limitations of the study (patients were not subjected to additional examinations in the current study), it is not possible to reliably identify endophenotypic differences in different clusters. Additional studies are needed to identify the correlation between anaphylactic reaction phenotypes and its pathophysiological mechanisms of development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Анафилаксия является наиболее тяжелым проявлением немедленных системных реакций гиперчувствительности. В последние годы отмечается рост числа зарегистрированных случаев анафилаксии. С учетом многообразия клинических проявлений, стоящих за диагнозом «анафилаксия», одни из наиболее актуальных задач — фенотипирование и эндотипирование пациентов с данной жизнеугрожающей патологией в рамках реализации персонифицированного подхода как при лечебных мероприятиях в остром периоде, так и при диагностических алгоритмах в период реконвалесценции.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — поиск основных клинических фенотипов пациентов с немедленными реакциями гиперчувствительности, что в дальнейшем позволит стратифицировать пациентов по группам риска, выводя терапевтические и диагностические алгоритмы на современный уровень персонализированной медицины.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведен ретроспективный этапный анализ данных медицинских карт пациентов за период с 2019 по 2022 г. Для определения относительно однородных групп пациентов на основе клинических данных проведена агломеративная кластеризация по 56 переменным с последующим выделением 2 главных компонент по методу снижения размерности со стохастическим вложением соседей, имеющих t-распределение. Результатом агломеративной кластеризации стало разделение пациентов на 4 основных клинических фенотипа, каждому пациенту присвоен соответствующий фенотип.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> На основании проведенного анализа выявлены 4 фенотипа пациентов с тяжелыми реакциями гиперчувствительности немедленного типа.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Ведется разработка новой классификации, основанной на использовании фенотипов, эндотипов и биомаркеров, которая позволила бы расширить наше понимание анафилактических реакций. С учетом ограничения исследования (пациенты не подвергались дополнительному обследованию) статистически значимо выявить эндофенотипические различия в разных кластерах не представляется возможным. Необходимо проведение дополнительных исследований, позволяющих выявить корреляцию фенотипов анафилактической реакции с патофизиологическими механизмами ее развития.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anaphylaxis</kwd><kwd>anaphylactic reaction</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>Daria agglomerative clustering</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анафилаксия</kwd><kwd>анафилактическая реакция</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>агломеративная кластеризация Daria</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research work and the publication of its results had been carried out with the financial support from the Moscow City Government Grant for the Implementation of a Scientific and Practical Project in Medicine No. 0408-1.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование и публикация осуществлены при поддержке гранта Правительства Москвы на реализацию научно-практического проекта в медицине № 0408-1.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner PJ, Campbell DE, Motosue MS, Campbell RL. 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