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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16960</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA16960</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dominant <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> fungal spores in the air of Karakol</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Доминантные споры грибов <italic>Cladosporium</italic> и <italic>Alternaria</italic> в воздухе г. Каракол</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9910-0148</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4669-6355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kobzar</surname><given-names>Vera N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кобзарь</surname><given-names>Вера Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>kobzarvn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9606-9392</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6501-0823</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Osmonbaeva</surname><given-names>Kymbatkul B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Осмонбаева</surname><given-names>Кымбаткуль Бейшеновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>kymbat.950307@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кыргызско-Российский славянский университет имени Б.Н. Ельцина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Issyk-Kul State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Иссык-Кульский государственный университет имени К. Тыныстанова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-06-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>267</fpage><lpage>276</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-28"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-22"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, ABV-press</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">ABV-press</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ИД "АБВ-пресс"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-10-10"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16960">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16960</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Concentration of fungal spores in the air often exceeds concentration of pollen 100–1,000 fold, reaching 50,000 fungal spores/m<sup>3</sup>, which is affected by a plethora of environmental factors including precipitation, temperature and wind. Pigmented spores of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> are prevalent in habitats of the most regions, since colorless spores do not survive ultraviolet radiation. Aerospores are often considered an underestimated source of respiratory allergies, therefore, information on their seasonal trends is significant for both promoting public awareness and assisting medical specialists in effective diagnostics, prevention and treatment of fungal diseases.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>To analyze the annual spore index, seasonality and threshold concentrations of dominant fungal spores <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> in the air of Karakol.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>Aerobiological monitoring was carried out from April to October 2015–2017 using a standardized volumetric Lanzoni pollen trap in the city of Karakol (1716 m above sea level, mid-mountain). A specially developed identifier and atlas were used for microscopic identification of fungal spores.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The concentration curve of dominant <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> fungal spores in the air of Karakol is unimodal with often overlapping quantitative characteristics. Simultaneously, strong interannual variability of their atmospheric levels was observed, exhibiting dependance on meteorological parameters, especially temperature and precipitation. The maximum peak of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> aerospores was recorded on June 30, 2017 — 12,386, and <italic>Alternaria</italic> — 5,376 fungal spores/m<sup>3</sup> in an extremely dry year (July 28, 2015). Peak concentrations of <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> fungal spores drastically exceeded clinical threshold values in the air.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold><italic>Cladosporium</italic> and <italic>Alternaria</italic> aerospores are recognized as dominant taxa, due to their phytopathogenic and allergenic properties and their predominance in the atmosphere of Karakol for long periods of time. The curve of their spore concentration is unimodal. Variations in the concentration of aerospores in different years positively correlated with air temperature, especially in the 3<sup>rd</sup> ten-day period of July 2015, when the maximum peak of spores consisted of 56 % <italic>Cladosporium</italic> and 13.5 % <italic>Alternaria</italic> spores and the highest air temperature was recorded (33.5 °С).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>В воздушной среде содержание спор грибов часто превышает концентрацию пыльцы в 100–1000 раз и более, достигая 50 тыс. спор грибов/м<sup>3</sup> в зависимости от факторов окружающей среды, таких как осадки, температура и ветер. Пигментированные споры <italic>Cladosporium </italic>и<italic> Alternaria</italic> превалируют в местообитаниях большинства регионов, так как бесцветные споры не выдерживают ультрафиолетовое излучение и не идентифицируются под микроскопом. Аэроспоры иногда считаются недооцененным источником респираторной аллергии в регионе, а информация об их сезонных тенденциях важна для повышения уровня осведомленности населения, а также аллергологам для эффективной диагностики, профилактики и лечения заболеваний грибковой этиологии.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— проанализировать годовой индекс спор, сезонность и пороговые концентрации доминантных спор грибов <italic>Cladosporium </italic>и<italic> Alternaria</italic> в воздухе г. Каракол (Кыргызская Республика).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Аэробиологический мониторинг проводили в период с апреля по октябрь 2015–2017 гг. с помощью стандартизированного волюметрического пыльцеуловителя Ланзони в г. Каракол (1716 м над уровнем моря, среднегорье). При микроскопической идентификации спор грибов использовали специально разработанный определитель и атлас.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Кривая концентрации доминантных спор грибов <italic>Cladosporium </italic>и <italic>Alternaria</italic> в воздухе г. Каракол носит унимодальный характер с часто перекрывающимися количественными характеристиками. При этом наблюдалась сильная межгодовая изменчивость атмосферных уровней, зависящая от метеорологических параметров, особенно температуры и осадков. Максимальная концентрация аэроспор <italic>Cladosporium</italic> зафиксирована 30 июня 2017 г. — 12 386 спор грибов/м<sup>3</sup>; <italic>Alternaria</italic> — 28 июля 2015 г., в чрезвычайно сухой год, — 5376 спор грибов/м<sup>3</sup>. Пиковые концентрации спор грибов <italic>Cladosporium </italic>и <italic>Alternaria</italic> многократно превысили определенные Всемирной организацией здравоохранения клинические пороговые значения — 500 спор/м<sup>3</sup> воздуха.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Аэроспоры <italic>Cladosporium</italic> и <italic>Alternaria </italic>признаны доминантными таксонами как результат их фитопатогенных и аллергенных свойств в сочетании с преобладающими концентрациями и продолжительным периодом присутствия в атмосфере г. Каракол. Вариации концентрации аэроспор в разные годы положительно коррелировали с температурой воздуха, особенно в 3-й декаде июля 2015 г., когда максимальная концентрация включала 56 % спор <italic>Cladosporium</italic> и 13,5 % <italic>Alternaria </italic>и регистрировалась самая высокая температура воздуха (33,5 °С).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>fungal spores</kwd><kwd>Cladosporium</kwd><kwd>Alternaria</kwd><kwd>climate change and land use systems</kwd><kwd>environmental pollution</kwd><kwd>threshold concentration</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>споры грибов</kwd><kwd>Cladosporium</kwd><kwd>Alternaria</kwd><kwd>изменение климата и системы землепользования</kwd><kwd>загрязнение окружающей среды</kwd><kwd>пороговая концентрация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out within the framework of the state budget research work of the Department of Science and Scientific and Technical Information of the Ministry of Education and Science of Kyrgyzstan.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках госбюджетной научно-исследовательской работы Управления науки и научно-технической информации Министерства образования и науки Кыргызстана.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Castro E Silva DM, Marcusso RMN, Barbosa CGG, et al. 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