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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16932</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA16932</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of the formation of early immunological tolerance during immunotherapy with allergens in patients with allergic rhinitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности формирования ранней иммунологической толерантности у пациентов с аллергическим ринитом при проведении иммунотерапии аллергенами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-8420</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2030-1753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Дарья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>volkdash190296@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5066-814X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2216-5197</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bikchantaeva</surname><given-names>Gulnara R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бикчантаева</surname><given-names>Гульнара Ринатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>grlki564@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-2107</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7076-1967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Luntsov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лунцов</surname><given-names>Алексей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>luntsov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-8746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8728-8883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bareycheva</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барейчева</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olga-alex21@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4284-6034</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5597-2620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umarova</surname><given-names>Nailya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умарова</surname><given-names>Наиля Нуриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>nailyaumarova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-5753</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8649-6138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorokhodkina</surname><given-names>Olesya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скороходкина</surname><given-names>Олеся Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>olesya-27@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Hospital of the Republic of Tatarstan Ministry of Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan National Research Technological University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский национальный исследовательский технологический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-05-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>230</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-06-16"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16932">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/16932</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic>The effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy has been proven in studies. Studying the level and expanded spectrum of Th1, Th2, Treg and Breg cytokines against the background of allergen-specific immunotherapy, as well as allergen-specific IgG4 (asIgG4), is promising, which will clarify the mechanisms of the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis.</p> <p><italic>AIM: </italic>To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis and to identify the most significant biomarkers of the formation of early immunological tolerance.</p> <p><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </italic>We examined 30 patients with allergic rhinitis aged 19 to 60 years who received allergen-specific immunotherapy. The clinical effectiveness was assessed using the validated Combined Symptom Medication Score (CSMS). All patients had their serum levels of IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β, and asIgG4 of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay recorded at baseline and 6 months after the start of allergen-specific immunotherapy.</p> <p><italic>RESULTS: </italic>Allergen-specific immunotherapy has been demonstrated to be highly clinically effective in achieving control of allergic rhinitis. At baseline, the total CSMS score was 3.75 [3.33; 4.5], at the end of 6 months ― 1.83 [1.17; 2.67] (<italic>p=</italic>0.000002). When analyzing the dynamics of the cytokine profile and asIgG4, an increasing in the level of TGF-β (<italic>p=</italic>0.000002), IL-12 (<italic>p=</italic>0.000002) and asIgG4 (<italic>p=</italic>0.000003) was revealed, as well as a decreasing in the level of IL-4 (<italic>p=</italic>0.000024) 6 months after the start of allergen-specific immunotherapy. We did not register an increase in IFN-γ and the expected increase in IL-10 and decrease of IL-13. The correlation and principal component analysis showed that the clinical effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy was associated with an increase in TGF-β and IL-12, a moderate increase in asIgG4 with a decrease of IL-4.</p> <p><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic>The results demonstrate the high clinical effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy within 6 months from the moment of its initiation. Significant marker of the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy at the stage of early tolerance formation is TGF-β, which increasement was in correlation with an increased IL-12 with a decrease of IL-4. The increase in asIgG4 is less pronounced. The conducted correlation and principal component analysis showed the relationship of the discussed biomarkers with the CSMS, which may indicate in favor of their choice as potential biomarkers for assessing the effectiveness of allergen-specific immunotherapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обоснование. Эффективность аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии (АСИТ) доказана в многочисленных исследованиях. Изучение уровня расширенного спектра цитокинов Th1, Th2, Treg, Breg на фоне иммунотерапии, а также аллергенспецифических IgG4 (asIgG4) является перспективным, так как позволяет уточнить механизмы эффективности указанного метода у больных аллергическим ринитом.</p> <p>Цель исследования ― оценить клиническую эффективность аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии у пациентов с аллергическим ринитом и, проанализировав динамику уровня отдельных цитокинов и asIgG4 через 6 месяцев лечения после инициации иммунотерапии, выявить наиболее значимые биомаркеры формирования ранней иммунологической толерантности.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Обследованы пациенты с аллергическим ринитом в возрасте от 19 до 60 лет, которые получали иммунотерапию (<italic>n=</italic>30). Оценку клинической эффективности проводили с помощью валидизированной комбинированной шкалы CSMS. У всех пациентов исследованы уровни IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β, аsIgG4 в сыворотке крови методом иммуноферментного анализа исходно и 6 месяцев от начала АСИТ.</p> <p>Результаты. Продемонстрирована высокая клиническая эффективность аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии. Исходно общий балл по шкале CSMS соответствовал 3,75 [3,33; 4,5], через 6 месяцев ― 1,83 [1,17; 2,67] (<italic>p=</italic>0,000002). Анализ динамики цитокинового профиля и аsIgG4 показал повышение уровней TGF-β (<italic>p=</italic>0,000002), IL-12 (<italic>p=</italic>0,000002) и аsIgG4 (<italic>p=</italic>0,000003), снижение уровня IL-4 (<italic>p=</italic>0,000024) спустя 6 месяцев от начала лечения. В указанные сроки нами не зарегистрировано статистически значимого повышения IFN-γ, IL-10 и снижения IL-13. Корреляционный анализ и анализ с применением метода главных компонент показал, что клинический эффект аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии ассоциирован с повышением уровней TGF-β и IL-12, умеренным повышением asIgG4 при снижении уровня IL-4.</p> <p>Заключение. Результаты исследования демонстрируют высокую клиническую эффективность аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии уже через 6 месяцев от момента её инициации. Значимым маркером эффективности иммунотерапии на этапе формирования ранней толерантности является TGF-β, повышение уровня которого находилось во взаимосвязи с повышенным уровнем IL-12 и сниженным IL-4. Увеличение продукции asIgG4 выражено в меньшей степени. Корреляционный анализ и анализ методом главных компонент показали взаимосвязь обсуждаемых биомаркеров с данными шкалы CSMS, что может указывать в пользу их выбора как потенциальных биомаркеров для оценки (прогноза) эффективности аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allergic rhinitis</kwd><kwd>allergen-specific immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>CSMS composite scale</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>allergen-specific IgG4</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллергический ринит</kwd><kwd>аллергенспецифическая иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>комбинированная шкала CSMS</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>аллергенспецифические IgG4</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported financially by the Kazan State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation (Grant No. 2/22-10 dated August 8, 2022).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование и публикация статьи осуществлены при поддержке гранта ФГБОУ ВО «Казанский государственный медицинский университет» № 2/22-10 от 02.08.2022.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astaf’eva NG, Baranov AA, Vishneva EA, et al. 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