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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1579</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA1579</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of fine suspended particles of atmospheric air in the formation of eosinophilic inflammation in T2-endotype of asthma</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль взвешенных микрочастиц атмосферного воздуха в формировании эозинофильного воспаления при Т2-эндотипе бронхиальной астмы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-5753</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8649-6138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skorokhodkina</surname><given-names>Olesya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скороходкина</surname><given-names>Олеся Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>olesya-27@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3533-2596</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1875-3934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimova</surname><given-names>Milyausha R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимова</surname><given-names>Миляуша Рашитовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mileushe7@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2479-2474</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2402-8878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timerbulatova</surname><given-names>Gyuzel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимербулатова</surname><given-names>Гюзель Абдулхалимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ragura@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1419-8746</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8728-8883</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bareycheva</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барейчева</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>olga-alex21@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-0436</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7349-0840</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saleeva</surname><given-names>Larisa Е.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салеева</surname><given-names>Лариса Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>saleeva.le@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-5446</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharipova</surname><given-names>Rezeda G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарипова</surname><given-names>Резеда Габдулловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rezeda-kazan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-0694</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3901-8348</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ablayeva</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абляева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>wail2008@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9506-563X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9605-8332</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkhutdinova</surname><given-names>Liliya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фатхутдинова</surname><given-names>Лилия Минвагизовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор</p></bio><email>liliya.fatkhutdinova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Hygienic and Epidemiological Center in Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Hospital of the Republic of Tatarstan</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканская клиническая больница</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2022-12-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>447</fpage><lpage>459</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Skorokhodkina O.V., Khakimova M.R., Timerbulatova G.A., Bareycheva O.A., Saleeva L.Е., Sharipova R.G., Ablayeva A.V., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Скороходкина О.В., Хакимова М.Р., Тимербулатова Г.А., Барейчева О.А., Салеева Л.Е., Шарипова Р.Г., Абляева А.В., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Skorokhodkina O.V., Khakimova M.R., Timerbulatova G.A., Bareycheva O.A., Saleeva L.Е., Sharipova R.G., Ablayeva A.V., Fatkhutdinova L.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Скороходкина О.В., Хакимова М.Р., Тимербулатова Г.А., Барейчева О.А., Салеева Л.Е., Шарипова Р.Г., Абляева А.В., Фатхутдинова Л.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-01-05"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1579">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1579</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic> </bold>Allergens induce eosinophilic inflammation in the T2 endotype of asthma. However, much less is known about the role of non-specific factors (suspended particles in the atmospheric air-PM).</p> <p><bold><italic>AIMS:</italic></bold> To define eosinophilic inflammation on the basis of several biomarkers in the T2 endotype of asthma exposed to PM.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic> </bold>We studied 150 patients with asthma, and 61 patients with T2 endotype of asthma (ages 18–65 years) were enrolled. Group 1 included 34 patients with allergic asthma, and group 2 included 27 patients with non-allergic asthma. Moreover, 30 healthy matched controls without asthma and other allergic diseases were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination and allergy testing were performed. Additionally, serum levels of IL-33, IL-25, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, DPP4 (multiplex assay), and periostin (ELISA) were evaluated. The analyses of the average annual concentrations (Avr) and the maximal annual concentrations (MaxAvr) of PM2.5 and PM10 in Kazan were conducted using the database of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republic of Tatarstan, being averaged over the period from 2014 to 2020 years in monitoring points at residential areas. Statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.0.5. The study was funded by RFBR (Project no. 19-05-50094).</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic> </bold>We detected increased blood eosinophil count and IL-5 levels in patients with asthma. High levels of total IgE (<italic>p</italic>=0.0001) that correlated with IL-4 levels were observed only in patients with allergic asthma (rS=0.38; <italic>p</italic>=0.045). Moreover, elevated IL-25 levels were found in patients with allergic asthma (<italic>p</italic>=0.009). No significant differences in IL-13 levels in patient with asthma were found. The regression analysis revealed that the PM2.5Avr increase by 1 mcg/m<sup>3</sup> increases IL-33 and IL-25 levels, but the PM10Avr increase raises the IL-25 levels only in patients with non-allergic asthma. No significant increase in IL-25 and IL-33 levels under exposure to PM2.5Avr and PM 10Avr was detected in patients with allergic asthma.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSIONS:</italic> </bold>The results of this study indicate the pivotal role of fine suspended particles in the development and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation in patients with non-allergic asthma.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold><italic>Обоснование.</italic></bold> Общеизвестно, аллергены являются индукторами эозинофильного воспаления при Т2-эндотипе бронхиальной астмы, однако роль неспецифических факторов (микрочастицы атмосферного воздуха, PM) изучена недостаточно.</p> <p><bold><italic>Цель</italic> </bold>― на основе исследования отдельных биомаркеров охарактеризовать эозинофильное воспаление при Т2-эндотипе бронхиальной астмы в условиях влияния микрочастиц атмосферного воздуха.</p> <p><bold><italic>Материалы и методы.</italic></bold> Обследовано 150 пациентов с бронхиальной астмой, из них включён в исследование 61 пациент в возрасте 18–65 лет с Т2-эндотипом бронхиальной астмы: 34 ― с аллергической (1-я группа), 27 ― с неаллергической (2-я группа). Группа сравнения ― 30 человек без бронхиальной астмы и других аллергических заболеваний ― подобрана методом копия-пара. Наряду с общеклиническим и специфическим аллергологическим обследованием проведено определение концентрации IL-33, IL-25, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, ДПП4 (мультиплексный анализ) и периостина (ИФА) в сыворотке крови. Проанализирована база данных ФБУЗ «Центр гигиены и эпидемиологии в Республике Татарстан (Татарстан)» по мониторингу содержания мелкодисперсных веществ атмосферного воздуха в г. Казани (2014–2020 гг.) с оценкой усреднённых за многолетний период (Avr) и максимальных среднегодовых (MaxAvr) концентраций РМ2,5 и РМ10 в зонах проживания. Статистическая обработка данных проведена с использованием пакета R (версия 4.0.5). Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта РФФИ в рамках проекта 19-05-50094.</p> <p><bold><italic>Результаты.</italic></bold> Выявлен высокий уровень абсолютного количества эозинофилов периферической крови и IL-5 у пациентов с бронхиальной астмой. Только у пациентов с аллергической астмой обнаружено повышенное содержание общего IgE (<italic>p</italic>=0,0001), коррелирующее с высоким уровнем IL-4 (rS=0,38; <italic>p</italic>=0,045); кроме того, в этой же группе отмечалось высокое содержание IL-25 (<italic>p</italic>=0,009). При этом различий в содержании IL-33 у пациентов с бронхиальной астмой выявить не удалось. Регрессионный анализ показал, что увеличение содержания PM2,5Avr на 1 мкг/м<sup>3</sup> ведёт к увеличению концентрации IL-33 и IL-25, повышение уровня PM10Avr ― к увеличению концентрации IL-25 только у пациентов с неаллергической бронхиальной астмой. У пациентов с аллергической астмой при повышении уровня PM2,5Avr и PM10Avr статистически значимого увеличения IL-33 и IL-25 не выявлено.</p> <p><bold><italic>Заключение.</italic> </bold>Результаты регрессионного анализа указывают на ведущую роль микрочастиц атмосферного воздуха в развитии и поддержании эозинофильного воспаления у пациентов с неаллергическим фенотипом бронхиальной астмы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>asthma</kwd><kwd>eosinophilic inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>particulate matter</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>эозинофильное воспаление</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>PM2,5</kwd><kwd>PM10</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project number 19-05-50094.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование и публикация статьи осуществлены при поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных исследований в рамках научного проекта № 19-05-50094.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Global Initiative for Asthma [Internet]. 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