<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">15039</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA15039</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Severe anaphylaxis in children: Definitions, etiology, and preventive approaches</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Тяжёлая анафилаксия у детей: дефиниции, этиология, подходы к профилактике</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-8473</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9722-7961</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pampura</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пампура</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>докт. мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>apampura1@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8792-2670</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6924-9726</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Esakova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Есакова</surname><given-names>Наталья Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>env007@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Veltischev Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский клинический институт педиатрии и детской хирургии имени академика Ю.Е. Вельтищева ФГАОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>501</fpage><lpage>511</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-09-05"><day>05</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-02-02"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/15039">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/15039</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Anaphylaxis is a generalized allergic reaction, and its severe course has a potential risk of fatal outcome. The course of each episode of anaphylaxis is the result of a complex interaction between the patient and some internal and external factors (concomitant diseases, profile and level of sensitization, features of allergen exposure, intercurrent infections, etc.). Currently, the clinical and biological features of severe anaphylaxis are not well characterized; however, arterial hypotension and/or loss of consciousness are usually observed in these patients, possibly without typical symptoms from the skin, whereas the outcome of the disease is associated with the possibility of timely emergency medical care. The lack of generally accepted reliable individual prognostic predictors for determining this group of patients is a serious problem. Very little data are available on subfatal/fatal anaphylaxis in pediatric patients, and approaches to it are often based on clinical experience in other age groups. This article presents a systematization of data in the context of severe and subfatal/fatal anaphylaxis in pediatrics to understand the etiology, risk factors, and markers of severe life-threatening allergic reactions in children and the possibilities of their prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Анафилаксия представляет собой генерализованную аллергическую реакцию, тяжёлое течение которой имеет потенциальный риск фатального исхода. Течение каждого эпизода анафилаксии является результатом сложного взаимодействия пациента с рядом внутренних и внешних факторов (сопутствующие заболевания, профиль и уровень сенсибилизации, особенности экспозиции причинно-значимого аллергена, интеркуррентные инфекции и др.).</p> <p>В настоящее время клинические и биологические особенности тяжёлой анафилаксии недостаточно хорошо охарактеризованы, вместе с тем у этих пациентов обычно наблюдается артериальная гипотензия и/или потеря сознания, возможно без типичных симптомов со стороны кожи/слизистых, при этом исход заболевания связан с возможностями своевременного оказания экстренной медицинской помощи. Отсутствие общепринятых достоверных индивидуальных прогностических предикторов для выделения данной группы пациентов представляет серьёзную проблему. Данных о субфатальной/фатальной анафилаксии в детской популяции крайне мало, и подходы к ней нередко базируются на клиническом опыте, полученном в других возрастных группах.</p> <p>В настоящей статье представлена систематизация имеющихся данных в контексте тяжёлой и субфатальной/фатальной анафилаксии в педиатрии для понимания этиологии, факторов риска, маркеров тяжёлых жизнеугрожающих аллергических реакций у детей и возможностей их профилактики.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anaphylaxis</kwd><kwd>anaphylactic reaction</kwd><kwd>fatal</kwd><kwd>subfatal</kwd><kwd>mortality</kwd><kwd>allergy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анафилаксия</kwd><kwd>анафилактическая реакция</kwd><kwd>фатальный</kwd><kwd>субфатальный</kwd><kwd>летальность</kwd><kwd>аллергия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article wos funded by grant from the Moscow Government (research project No. 0408-1).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настоящая поисково-аналитическая работа осуществлена при поддержке гранта Правительства Москвы на реализацию научно-практического проекта в медицине № 0408-1.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muraro A, Worm M, Alviani C, et al. EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). European academy of allergy and clinical immunology, food allergy, anaphylaxis guidelines group. Allergy. 2022;77(2):357–377. doi: 10.1111/all.15032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Muraro A., Worm M., Alviani C., et al. EAACI guidelines: Anaphylaxis (2021 update). European academy of allergy and clinical immunology, food allergy, anaphylaxis guidelines group // Allergy. 2022. Vol. 77, N 2. Р. 357–377. doi: 10.1111/all.15032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical recommendations. Anaphylactic shock. The Russian Association of Allergologists and Clinical Immunologists and the All-Russian Public Organization "Federation of Anesthesiologists and Resuscitators". 2020. 36 р. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации. Анафилактический шок. Российская ассоциация аллергологов и клинических иммунологов, Общероссийская общественная организация «Федерация анестезиологов и реаниматологов», 2020. 36 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner PJ, Campbell DE, Motosue MS, Campbell RL. Global trends in anaphylaxis epidemiology and clinical implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(4):1169–1176. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner P.J., Campbell D.E., Motosue M.S., Campbell R.L. Global trends in anaphylaxis epidemiology and clinical implications // J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020. Vol. 8, N 4. Р. 1169–1176. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tejedor-Alonso MA, Moro-Moro M, Mugica-Garcia MV. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: Contributions from the last 10 years. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2015;25(3):163–175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tejedor-Alonso M.A., Moro-Moro M., Mugica-Garcia M.V. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis: Contributions from the last 10 years // J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2015. Vol. 25, N 3. Р. 163–175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alonso MA, Moro-Moro M, Mugica-García MV. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2015;45(6):1027–1039. doi: 10.1111/cea.12418</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alonso M.A., Moro-Moro M., García M.V. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis // Clin Exp Allergy. 2015. Vol. 45, N 6. Р. 1027–1039. doi: 10.1111/cea.12418</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perez-Codesido S, Rosado-Ingelmo A, Privitera-Torres M, et al. Incidence of fatal anaphylaxis: A systematic review of observational studies. Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2022;32(4):245–260. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0693</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perez-Codesido S., Rosado-Ingelmo A., Privitera-Torres M., et al. Incidence of fatal anaphylaxis: A systematic review of observational studies // Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2022. Vol. 32, N 4. Р. 245–260. doi: 10.18176/jiaci.0693</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramsey NB, Guffey D, Anagnostou K, et al. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in critically ill children in the United States and Canada. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019;7(7):2241–2219. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramsey N.B., Guffey D., Anagnostou K., et al. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis in critically ill children in the United States and Canada // J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2019. Vol. 7, N 7. Р. 2241–2219. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.04.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner PJ, Campbell DE. Epidemiology of severe anaphylaxis: Can we use population-based data to understand anaphylaxis? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;16(5):441–450. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000305</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner P.J., Campbell D.E. Epidemiology of severe anaphylaxis: Can we use population-based data to understand anaphylaxis? // Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016. Vol. 16, N 5. Р. 441–450. doi: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000305</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma L, Danoff TM, Borish L. Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):1075–1083. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma L., Danoff T.M., Borish L. Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014. Vol. 133, N 4. Р. 1075–1083. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehr S, Liew WK, Tey D, Tang ML. Clinical predictors for biphasic reactions in children presenting with anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(9):1390–1396. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03276.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehr S., Liew W.K., Tey D., Tang M.L. Clinical predictors for biphasic reactions in children presenting with anaphylaxis // Clin Exp Allergy. 2009. Vol. 39, N 9. Р. 1390–1396. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03276.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Silva IL, Mehr SS, Tey D, Tang ML. Paediatric anaphylaxis: A 5-year retrospective review. Allergy. 2008;63(8):1071–1076. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01719.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Silva I.L., Mehr S.S., Tey D., Tang M.L. Paediatric anaphylaxis: A 5-year retrospective review // Allergy. 2008. Vol. 63, N 8. Р. 1071–1076. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01719.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pumphrey R. Anaphylaxis: Can we tell who is at risk of a fatal reaction? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;4(4):285–290. doi: 10.1097/01.all.0000136762.89313.0b</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pumphrey R. Anaphylaxis: Can we tell who is at risk of a fatal reaction? // Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. Vol. 4, N 4. Р. 285–290. doi: 10.1097/01.all.0000136762.89313.0b</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pumphrey RS. Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30(8):1144–1150. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00864.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pumphrey R.S. Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions // Clin Exp Allergy. 2000. Vol. 30, N 8. Р. 1144–1150. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2000.00864.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Francuzik W, Dölle S, Worm M. Risk factors and treatment of refractory anaphylaxis: A review of case reports. Exp Rev Clin Immunol. 2018;14(4):307–314. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2018.1450140</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Francuzik W., Dölle S., Worm M. Risk factors and treatment of refractory anaphylaxis: A review of case reports // Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2018. Vol. 14, N 4. Р. 307–314. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2018.1450140</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jerschow E, Lin RY, Scaperotti M, McGinn AP. Fatal anaphylaxis in the United States, 1999–2010: Temporal patterns and demographic associations. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(6):1318–1328. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jerschow E., Lin R.Y., Scaperotti M.M., McGinn A.P. Fatal anaphylaxis in the United States, 1999–2010: Temporal patterns and demographic associations // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014. Vol. 134, N 6. Р. 1318–1328. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bock SA, Munoz-Furlong A, Sampson HA. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to food. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(1):191–193. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.112031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bock S.A., Munoz-Furlong A., Sampson H.A. Fatalities due to anaphylactic reactions to food // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001. Vol. 107, N 1. Р. 191–193. doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.112031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esakova NV, Pampura AN. Food anaphylaxis in children: A retrospective analysis of 53 cases. Russian Journal of Allergy. 2013;(5):22–26. (In Russ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Есакова Н.В., Пампура А.Н. Пищевая анафилаксия у детей: ретроспективный анализ 53 случаев // Российский аллергологический журнал. 2013. № 5. С. 22–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esakova NV, Zakharova IN, Osmanov IM, et al. Anaphylaxis among children hospitalized with acute allergic reactions: A five-year retrospective analysis. Questions Children's Dietetics. 2022;20(4):21–30. (In Russ). doi: 10.20953/1727-5784-2022-4-21-30</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Есакова Н.В., Захарова И.Н., Османов И.М., и др. Анафилаксия среди детей, госпитализированных с острыми аллергическими реакциями: пятилетний ретроспективный анализ // Вопросы детской диетологии. 2022. Т. 20, № 4. С. 21–30. doi: 10.20953/1727-5784-2022-4-21-30</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ma L, Danoff TM, Borish L. Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133(4):1075–1083. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ma L., Danoff T.M., Borish L. Case fatality and population mortality associated with anaphylaxis in the United States // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014. Vol. 133, N 4. Р. 1075–1083. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.029</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pouessel G, Turner PJ, Worm M, et al. Food-induced fatal anaphylaxis: From epidemiological data to general prevention strategies. Clin Exp Allergy. 2018;48(12):1584–1593. doi: 10.1111/cea.13287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pouessel G., Turner P.J., Worm M., et al. Food-induced fatal anaphylaxis: From epidemiological data to general prevention strategies // Clin Exp Allergy. 2018. Vol. 48, N 12. Р. 1584–1593. doi: 10.1111/cea.13287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pumphrey RS, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999–2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119(4):1018–1019. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pumphrey R.S., Gowland M.H. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999–2006 // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007. Vol. 119, N 4. Р. 1018–1019. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.01.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner PJ, Gowland MH, Sharma V, et al. Increase in anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations but no increase in fatalities: An analysis of United Kingdom national anaphylaxis data, 1992–2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135(4):956–963. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner P.J., Gowland M.H., Sharma V., et al. Increase in anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations but no increase in fatalities: An analysis of United Kingdom national anaphylaxis data, 1992–2012 // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015. Vol. 135, N 4. Р. 956–963. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esakova NV, Pampura AN. Features of food anaphylaxis in children that occurs with alternative routes of allergen intake. Pediatrics. Journal named after G.N. Speransky. 2021;100(2):57–63. (In Russ). doi: 10.24110/0031-403X-2021-100-2-57-63</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Есакова Н.В., Пампура А.Н. Особенности пищевой анафилаксии у детей, возникающей при альтернативных путях поступления аллергена // Педиатрия. Журнал им. Г.Н. Сперанского. 2021. Т. 100, № 2. С. 57–63. doi: 10.24110/0031-403X-2021-100-2-57-63</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner PJ, Jerschow E, Umasunthar T, et al. Fatal anaphylaxis: mortality rate and risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(5):1169–1178. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner P.J., Jerschow E., Umasunthar T., et al. Fatal anaphylaxis: Mortality rate and risk factors // J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017. Vol. 5, N 5. Р. 1169–1178. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.06.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liew WK, Williamson E, Tang ML. Anaphylaxis fatalities and admissions in Australia. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):434–442. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.049</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liew W.K., Williamson E., Tang M.L. Anaphylaxis fatalities and admissions in Australia // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009. Vol. 123, N 2. Р. 434–442. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.10.049</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li ZD, Liu WG, Zhao ZQ, et al. Analysis of 59 anaphylactic death cases. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015;31(3):206–210.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Z.D., Liu W.G., Zhao Z.Q., et al. Analysis of 59 anaphylactic death cases // Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2015. Vol. 31, N 3. Р. 206–210.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen Y, Li L, Grant J, et al. Anaphylactic deaths in Maryland (United States) and Shanghai (China): A review of forensic autopsy cases from 2004 to 2006. Forensic Sci Int. 2009;186(1-3):1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen Y., Li L., Grant J., et al. Anaphylactic deaths in Maryland (United States) and Shanghai (China): A review of forensic autopsy cases from 2004 to 2006 // Forensic Sci Int. 2009. Vol. 186, N 1-3. Р. 1–5. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.12.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yilmaz R, Yuksekbas O, Erkol Z, et al. Postmortem findings after anaphylactic reactions to drugs in Turkey. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009;30(4):346–349. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181c0e7bb</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yilmaz R., Yuksekbas O., Erkol Z., et al. Postmortem findings after anaphylactic reactions to drugs in Turkey // Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2009. Vol. 30, N 4. Р. 346–349. doi: 10.1097/PAF.0b013e3181c0e7bb</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gurrieri C, Weingarten TN, Martin DP, et al. Allergic reactions during anesthesia at a large United States referral center. Anesth Analg. 2011;113(5):1202–1212. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31822d45ac</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gurrieri C., Weingarten T.N., Martin D.P., et al. Allergic reactions during anesthesia at a large United States referral center // Anesth Analg. 2011. Vol. 113, N 5. Р. 1202–1212. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31822d45ac</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hitti EA, Zaitoun F, Harmouche E, et al. Acute allergic reactions in the emergency department: Characteristics and management practices. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015;22(4):253–259. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000155</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hitti E.A., Zaitoun F., Harmouche E., et al. Acute allergic reactions in the emergency department: Characteristics and management practices // Eur J Emerg Med. 2015. Vol. 22, N 4.Р. 253–259. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000155</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mullins RJ, Wainstein BK, Barnes EH, et al. Increases in anaphylaxis fatalities in Australia from 1997 to 2013. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46(8):1099–1110. doi: 10.1111/cea.12748</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mullins R.J., Wainstein B.K., Barnes E.H., et al. Increases in anaphylaxis fatalities in Australia from 1997 to 2013 // Clin Exp Allergy. 2016. Vol. 46, N 8. Р. 1099–1110. doi: 10.1111/cea.12748</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bilò MB, Bonifazi F. The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: Clinical implications. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(10):1467–1476. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03324.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bilò M.B., Bonifazi F. The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: Clinical implications // Clin Exp Allergy. 2009. Vol. 39, N 10. Р. 1467–1476. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03324.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenberger PA, Rotskoff BD, Lifschultz B. Fatal anaphylaxis: Postmortem findings and associated comorbid diseases. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007;98(3):252–257. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60714-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenberger P.A., Rotskoff B.D., Lifschultz B. Fatal anaphylaxis: Postmortem findings and associated comorbid diseases // Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2007. Vol. 98, N 3. Р. 252–257. doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60714-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vetander M, Ly DH, Hаkansson N, et al. Recurrent reactions to food among children at paediatric emergency departments: Epidemiology of allergic disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2014;44(1):113–120. doi: 10.1111/cea.12203</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vetander M., Ly D.H., Hаkansson N., et al. Recurrent reactions to food among children at paediatric emergency departments: Epidemiology of allergic disease // Clin Exp Allergy. 2014. Vol. 44, N 1. Р. 113–120. doi: 10.1111/cea.12203</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dribin TE, Michelson KA, Zhang Y, et al. Are children with a history of asthma more likely to have severe anaphylactic reactions? A retrospective cohort study. J Pediatr. 2020;(220):159–164.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dribin T.E., Michelson K.A., Zhang Y., et al. Are children with a history of asthma more likely to have severe anaphylactic reactions? A retrospective cohort study // J Pediatr. 2020. N 220. Р. 159–164.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.12.019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Worm M, Francuzik W, Renaudin JM, et al. Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from the European anaphylaxis registry. Allergy. 2018;73(6):1322–1330. doi: 10.1111/all.13380</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Worm M., Francuzik W., Renaudin J.M., et al. Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from the European anaphylaxis registry // Allergy 2018. Vol. 73, N 6. Р. 1322–1330. doi: 10.1111/all.13380</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dorris S. Fatal food anaphylaxis: Registering a rare outcome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020;124(5):445–446. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.02.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dorris S. Fatal food anaphylaxis: Registering a rare outcome // Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020. Vol. 124, N 5. Р. 445–446. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.02.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anagnostou A, Sharma V, Herbert L, Turner PJ. Fatal food anaphylaxis: Distinguishing fact from fiction. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(1):11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anagnostou A., Sharma V., Herbert L., Turner P.J. Fatal food anaphylaxis: Distinguishing fact from fiction // J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022. Vol. 10, N 1. Р. 11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mehr S, Turner PJ, Joshi P, et al. Safety and clinical predictors of reacting to extensively heated cow’s milk challenge in cow’s milk allergic children. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014;113(4):425–429. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mehr S., Turner P.J., Joshi P., et al. Safety and clinical predictors of reacting to extensively heated cow’s milk challenge in cow’s milk allergic children // Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014. Vol. 113, N 4. Р. 425–429. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(6):380–384. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199208063270603</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sampson H.A., Mendelson L., Rosen J.P. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents // N Engl J Med. 1992. Vol. 327, N 6. Р. 380–384. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199208063270603</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esakova N, Treneva M, Okuneva T, Pampura AN. Food anaphylaxis: Reported cases in Russian federation children. Am J Public Health Res. 2015;3(5):187–191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esakova N., Treneva M., Okuneva T., Pampura A.N. Food anaphylaxis: Eported cases in Russian federation children // Am J Public Health Res. 2015. Vol. 3, N 5. Р. 187–191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garib V, Trifonova D, Freidl R, et al. Milk Allergen Micro-Array (MAMA) for refined detection of cow’s-milk-specific IgE sensitization. Nutrients. 2023;15(10):2401. doi: 10.3390/nu15102401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garib V., Trifonova D., Freidl R., et al. Milk Allergen Micro-Array (MAMA) for refined detection of cow’s-milk-specific IgE sensitization // Nutrients. 2023. Vol. 15, N 10. Р. 2401. doi: 10.3390/nu15102401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shreffler WG, Beyer K, Chu TH, et al. Microarray immunoassay: Association of clinical history, in vitro IgE function, and heterogeneity of allergenic peanut epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(4):776–782. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.588</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shreffler W.G., Beyer K., Chu T.H., et al. Microarray immunoassay: Association of clinical history, in vitro IgE function, and heterogeneity of allergenic peanut epitopes // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004. Vol. 113, N 4. Р. 776–782. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.588</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mayer DE, Krauskopf A, Hemmer W, et al. Usefulness of post mortem determination of serum tryptase, histamine and diamine oxidase in the diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;212(1-3): 96–101. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mayer D.E., Krauskopf A., Hemmer W., et al. Usefulness of post mortem determination of serum tryptase, histamine and diamine oxidase in the diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis // Forensic Sci Int. 2011. Vol. 212, N 1-3. Р. 96–101. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.05.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schliemann S, Seyfarth F, Hipler UC, Elsner P. Impact of age and heterophilic interference on the basal serum tryptase, a risk indication for anaphylaxis in 1,092 dermatology patients. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92(5):484–489. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schliemann S., Seyfarth F., Hipler U.C., Elsner P. Impact of age and heterophilic interference on the basal serum tryptase, a risk indication for anaphylaxis in 1,092 dermatology patients // Acta Derm Venereol. 2012. Vol. 92, N 5. Р. 484–489. doi: 10.2340/00015555-1245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Osawa M, Satoh F, Horiuchi H, et al. Postmortem diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis during intravenous administration of therapeutic and diagnostic agents: Evaluation of clinical laboratory parameters and immunohistochemistry in three cases. Leg Med. 2008;10(3):143–147. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.10.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Osawa M., Satoh F., Horiuchi H., et al. Postmortem diagnosis of fatal anaphylaxis during intravenous administration of therapeutic and diagnostic agents: Evaluation of clinical laboratory parameters and immunohistochemistry in three cases // Leg Med. 2008. Vol. 10, N 3. Р. 143–147. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.10.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vantur R, Rihar M, Koren A, et al. Chemokines during anaphylaxis: The importance of CCL2 and CCL2-dependent chemotactic activity for basophils. Clin Transl Allergy. 2020;10(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00367-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vantur R., Rihar M., Koren A., et al. Chemokines during anaphylaxis: The importance of CCL2 and CCL2-dependent chemotactic activity for basophils // Clin Transl Allergy. 2020. Vol. 10, N 1. Р. 63. doi: 10.1186/s13601-020-00367-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wolters PJ, Pham CT, Muilenburg DJ, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is essential for activation of mast cell chymases, but not tryptases, in mice. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(21):18551–18556. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M100223200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wolters P.J., Pham C.T., Muilenburg D.J., et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase I is essential for activation of mast cell chymases, but not tryptases, in mice // J Biol Chem. 2001. Vol. 276, N 21. Р. 18551–18556. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M100223200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stone SF, Cotterell C, Isbister GK, et al. Elevated serum cytokines during human anaphylaxis: Identification of potential mediators of acute allergic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(4):786–792.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.055</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stone S.F., Cotterell C., Isbister G.K., et al. Elevated serum cytokines during human anaphylaxis: Identification of potential mediators of acute allergic reactions // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009. Vol. 124, N 4. Р. 786–792e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2009.07.055</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polevshchikov AV, Nazarov PG. Immunology of acute phase proteins of inflammation and work of R.V. Petrov. Immunology. 2020;41(2):167–73. (In Russ). doi: 10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-167-173</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полевщиков А.В., Назаров П.Г. Иммунология белков острой фазы воспаления и работы Р.В. Петрова // Иммунология. 2020. Т. 41, № 2. C. 167–173. doi: 10.33029/0206-4952-2020-41-2-167-173</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukuda Y, Kawashima H, Saito K, et al. Effect of human plasma-type platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in two anaphylactic shock models. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000;390(1-2):203–207. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00920-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukuda Y., Kawashima H., Saito K., et al. Effect of human plasma-type platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in two anaphylactic shock models // Eur J Pharmacol. 2000. Vol. 390, N 1-2. Р. 203–207. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(99)00920-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vadas P, Gold M, Perelman B, et al. Platelet-activating factor, PAF acetylhydrolase, and severe anaphylaxis. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(1):28–35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vadas P., Gold M., Perelman B., et al. Platelet-activating factor, PAF acetylhydrolase, and severe anaphylaxis // N Engl J Med. 2008. Vol. 358, N 1. Р. 28–35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa070030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Summers CW, Pumphrey S, Woods CN, et al. Factors predicting anaphylaxis to peanuts and tree nuts in patients referred to a specialist center. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;121(3):632–638.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Summers C.W., Pumphrey R.S., Woods C.N., et al. Factors predicting anaphylaxis to peanuts and tree nuts in patients referred to a specialist center // J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008. Vol. 121, N 3. Р. 632–638.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.12.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esakova NV, Saakyan EK, Kondratieva NS, et al. Platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase gene (PLA2G7) expression in children with a history of food anaphylaxis. J Allergy Therapy. 2015;6(2):211–215. doi: 10.4172/2155-6121.1000211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esakova N.V., Saakyan E.K., Kondratieva N.S., et al. Platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase gene (PLA2G7) expression in children with a history of food anaphylaxis // J Allergy Therapy. 2015. Vol. 6, N 2. Р. 211–215. doi: 10.4172/2155-6121.1000211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
