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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">14875</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA14875</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original studies</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Quantitative and species changes in the local microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in allergic rhinitis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Количественные и видовые изменения локальной микробиоты верхних дыхательных путей при аллергическом рините</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2536-3604</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5089-5565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyurin</surname><given-names>Yury A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюрин</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>tyurin.yurii@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2395-7377</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharifullina</surname><given-names>Alsu A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарифуллина</surname><given-names>Алсу Акрамовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>alsusha74@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3584-6861</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3255-0088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnikova</surname><given-names>Irina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетникова</surname><given-names>Ирина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>reshira@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3421-6221</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minnibayev</surname><given-names>Rustam A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миннибаев</surname><given-names>Рустам Амирьянович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>rustam.md@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4214-012X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7032-9137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khairullin</surname><given-names>Ruslan Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайруллин</surname><given-names>Руслан Зуфарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>co1979@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9322-2689</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1748-7760</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fassakhov</surname><given-names>Rustem S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фассахов</surname><given-names>Рустэм Салахович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>farrus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>476</fpage><lpage>487</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-11-30"><day>30</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-02-02"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/14875">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/14875</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>The role of local microflora in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis has not been sufficiently studied; therefore, the study of changes in the nasal microbiome is of interest from a scientific and practical point of view.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>To evaluate changes in the local microbiota of the nasal mucosa in patients with seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis before and after pharmacological and allergen-specific therapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>An observational retrospective single-center case-control study was conducted, which included 182 patients with allergic rhinitis. The groups were randomized according to the diagnosis (seasonal and year-round allergic rhinitis) and the therapy used: basic pharmacotherapy and allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>In total, 182 patients completed the study, of which 50 had seasonal allergic rhinitis, 51 had seasonal allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma (aged 7–42 years), and 81 had year-round allergic rhinitis, which included 29 aged 12–54 years and 52 with year-round allergic rhinitis + atopic asthma, aged 12–39 years. Patients with allergic rhinitis were divided into two subgroups: those who received basic therapy to achieve remission and those who received allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy. After basic therapy, the abundance of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> in the local microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis decreased by 1.4 times; in the allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy group, its abundance more significantly decreased (3.9 times; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.05). In the group with year-round allergic rhinitis, the same pattern was noted. In the group with seasonal allergic rhinitis and year-round allergic rhinitis and the group with both allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy and atopic asthma who received a full course of allergen-specific (sublingual) immunotherapy, the activation index of blood basophils by rSplA-proteinase <italic>S. aureus</italic> was reduced by 1.2–1.5 compared with the value in those who received basic pharmacotherapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Patients with allergic rhinitis exhibited quantitative and qualitative significant changes in the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract mucosa, one of the consequences of which is the development of IgE-mediated sensitization to <italic>S. aureus </italic>products. Allergen-specific immunotherapy for patients with allergic rhinitis leads to decreased colonization of the nasal mucosa with <italic>S. aureus </italic>and decreased sensitization to rSplA proteinase.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Роль локальной микрофлоры в патогенезе аллергического ринита изучена недостаточно, в связи с чем исследование изменений назального микробиома представляет интерес с научной и практической точки зрения.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — изучить изменения локальной микробиоты слизистой оболочки носа у больных сезонным и круглогодичным аллергическим ринитом до и после проведённой фармакологической и аллергенспецифической терапии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проведено обсервационное ретроспективное одноцентровое исследование «случай-контроль», которое включило 182 пациента с аллергическим ринитом. Стратификация групп проведена в зависимости от диагноза (сезонный и круглогодичный аллергический ринит), а также применённой терапии: базисная фармакотерапия и аллергенспецифическая (сублингвальная) иммунотерапия.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Завершили исследование 182 пациента, из них 101 в возрасте от 7 до 42 лет (50 человек с сезонным аллергическим ринитом, 51 ― с сезонным аллергическим ринитом в сочетании с атопической бронхиальной астмой), а также 29 человек в возрасте от 12 до 54 лет с круглогодичным аллергическим ринитом и 52 человека в возрасте от 12 до 39 лет с сочетанной респираторной аллергией (круглогодичный аллергический ринит и атопическая бронхиальная астма). Больные аллергическим ринитом были разделены на две подгруппы, которые для достижения ремиссии получали либо базисную терапию, либо сублингвальную иммунотерапию. Снижение частоты встречаемости <italic>Staphylococcus aureus </italic>в составе локальной микробиоты верхних дыхательных путей у больных сезонным аллергическим ринитом после сублингвальной иммунотерапии было более выраженным ― в 3,9 раза (<italic>p</italic> &lt;0,05) против 1,4 при базисной терапии. В группе пациентов с круглогодичным аллергическим ринитом отмечена такая же закономерность. При сезонном и круглогодичном аллергическом рините, а также у больных с сочетанной респираторной аллергопатологией, получивших полный курс сублингвальной иммунотерапии, индекс активации базофилов крови rSplA-протеиназой <italic>S. aureus </italic>был снижен в 1,2–1,5 раза по сравнению с пациентами в группе базисной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> У пациентов с аллергическим ринитом выявлены существенные количественные и качественные изменения микробиома слизистой верхних дыхательных путей. Одним из последствий таких изменений является развитие IgE-опосредованной сенсибилизации к продуктам золотистого стафилококка. Аллергенспецифическая иммунотерапия при аллергическом рините приводит к снижению колонизации слизистой носа <italic>S. aureus</italic>, а также снижению сенсибилизации к rSplA-протеиназе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>allergic rhinitis</kwd><kwd>local microbiota</kwd><kwd>rSplA proteinase</kwd><kwd>S. aureus</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аллергический ринит</kwd><kwd>микробиота локальная</kwd><kwd>rSplA-протеиназа</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polner SA. Federal clinical recommendations. Allergic rhinitis. Russ J Allergy. 2017;14(2):47–54. (In Russ). doi: 10.36691/RJA323</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Польнер С.А. 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