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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1398</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA1398</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern ideas about mechanisms of allergen-specific immunotherapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные представления о механизмах аллергенспецифической иммунотерапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-0148</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Stanislava Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Станислава Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior researcher of the Laboratory of Allergens, MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория по разработке аллергенов, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>petrovastanislava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8354-7682</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlgatian</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлгатян</surname><given-names>Светлана Вагинаковна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading researcher of the Laboratory of Allergens, Doctor of Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория по разработке аллергенов, доктор биологических наук</p></bio><email>svetkh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-7593</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berzhets</surname><given-names>Valentina М.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бержец</surname><given-names>Валентина Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head of the Laboratory of Allergens, professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая лабораторией по разработке аллергенов, доктор биологических наук, профессор</p></bio><email>laball@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>Nina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Нина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Leading researcher of the Laboratory of Allergens, , Сandidate of Biological Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник лаборатории по разработке аллергенов, кандидат биологических наук</p></bio><email>s.levina2005@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9710-6968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Radikova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Радикова</surname><given-names>Ольга Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research fellow of the Laboratory of Allergens, MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник лаборатории по разработке аллергенов, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>radikova@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-01-29"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1398">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1398</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Reviews of domestic and foreign authors consider different approaches to understanding the formation of immunological and clinical tolerance induced by allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). Despite the wide variety of theoretical research, the mechanism of the body’s immune system’s response to ASIT remains unclear.</p> <p>The aim of this review is to analyze the current understanding of the mechanisms of formation of changes in the body’s reactivity in response to an allergen after ASIT. It is known that the type of response to the antigen is determined by its dose. In low-dose ASIT tolerance to the antigen is formed in the absence of inflammation, which is apparently associated with the activation of specific high-affinity receptors on cells of the immune system. High doses of allergen in ASIT probably lead to a rearrangement of cellular receptors, causing a decrease in their number by internalization or a weakening of their sensitivity to an excessive signal (desensitization). Due to a decrease in the number of receptors and / or their loss of sensitivity, the response to the antigen changes according to the principle of negative regulation, implemented at the level of receptor or postreceptor mechanisms. The formation of an anti-inflammatory cytokine response to antigen contributes to the differentiation of naive T cells into inducible regulatory T cells (iTreg). The suppressing effect of Treg on immune system cells affects Th effector cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, B cells, and dendritic cells.</p> <p>The occurring immunological shifts form a new type of tolerant response to the allergen, namely, the change in the type of immunoglobulins from IgE to IgG and IgA and new phenotypes of T memory and B memory cells.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзорных работах отечественных и зарубежных авторов рассматриваются различные подходы к пониманию формирования иммунологической и клинической толерантности, индуцируемой аллергенспецифической иммунотерапией (АСИТ). Несмотря на разнообразие теоретического материала, механизм формирования реакции иммунной системы после АСИТ остается не вполне ясным.</p> <p>Целью настоящего обзора является анализ имеющихся современных представлений о механизмах формирования изменений реактивности организма в ответ на аллерген после АСИТ. Известно, что тип реагирования на антиген определяется дозой последнего. При АСИТ низкими дозами аллергена формируется толерантность к антигену в отсутствие воспаления, что, по-видимому, связано с активацией специфических рецепторов высокого сродства на клетках иммунной системы. Высокие дозы аллергена при АСИТ, вероятно, приводят к перестройке рецепторных структур клеток, вызывая снижение их количества путем интернализации либо ослабляя их чувствительность к избыточному сигналу (десенситизация). Вследствие уменьшения количества рецепторов и/или потери ими чувствительности изменяется ответ на антиген по принципу негативной регуляции, реализуемой на уровне рецепторного или пострецепторного механизма. Формирование противовоспалительного цитокинового ответа на антиген способствует дифференцировке наивных Т-клеток в адаптивные Т-регуляторные клетки (aTreg). Супрессирующее влияние Treg на клетки иммунной системы затрагивает эффекторные Th, тучные клетки, базофилы, эозинофилы, В-клетки, дендритные клетки. Происходящие иммунологические сдвиги формируют новый тип толерантного реагирования на аллерген, а именно изменение типа иммуноглобулинов с IgE на IgG и IgA и новые фенотипы Т- и В-клеток памяти.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>IgE-mediated diseases</kwd><kwd>allergens</kwd><kwd>allergen-specific immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>desensitization</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>regulatory B cells</kwd><kwd>histamine receptors</kwd><kwd>mast cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>IgE-опосредованные заболевания</kwd><kwd>аллергены</kwd><kwd>аллергенспецифическая иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>десенситизация</kwd><kwd>Т-регуляторные клетки</kwd><kwd>В-регуляторные клетки</kwd><kwd>гистаминовые рецепторы</kwd><kwd>тучные клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yarilin AA. Immunology. Мoscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2010. 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