<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Allergy</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский Аллергологический Журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1810-8830</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-682X</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1113</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36691/RJA1113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Respirator naya virusnaya infektsiyai bro nkhoo bstruktivnye zabolevaniya</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Респиратор ная вирусная инфекцияи бро нхоо бструктивные заболевания</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaitov</surname><given-names>M R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хаитов</surname><given-names>М Р</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ГНЦ «Институт иммунологии Ф МБА России», г. Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsarev</surname><given-names>S V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царев</surname><given-names>С В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ГНЦ «Институт иммунологии Ф МБА России», г. Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГНЦ «Институт иммунологии Ф МБА России», г. Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2008-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2008</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO4 (2008)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№4 (2008)</issue-title><fpage>16</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-11"><day>11</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2008, Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2008, Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2008</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pharmarus Print Media</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Фармарус Принт Медиа</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2010-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1113">https://rusalljournal.ru/raj/article/view/1113</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обобщены данные о роли респираторной вирусной инфекции в формировании бронхиальной астмы,
провоцировании обострений, а также участие различных респираторных вирусов в патогенезе бронхо-
обструктивных заболеваний.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd><kwd>хронический обструктивный бронхит</kwd><kwd>респираторные вирусы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kuypers J. Clinical Disease in Children Associated With Newly Described Coronavirus Subtypes. Pediatrics. 2007, v. 119, p. 70-76.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Busse W.W. The role of respiratory viruses in asthma. In:</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Holgate S., ed. Asthma: physiology, immunopharmacology, and treatment. London: Academic Press. 1993, p. 345-352.Gern J.E., Lemanske R.F. Infectious triggers of pediatric asthma. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 2003, v. 50 (3), p. 555-575.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston, S.L., Pattemore P.K, Sanderson G. et al. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. Br. Med. J. 1995, v. 310, p. 1225-1229.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Nicholson, K.G., Kent J., Ireland D.C. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. Br. Med. J. 1993, v. 307, p. 982-986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston, S.L., Pattemore P.K, Sanderson G. et al. The relationship between upper respiratory infections and hospital admissions for asthma: a time trend analysis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996, v. 154, p. 654-660.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Campbell M.J., Holgate S.T., Johnston S. L. Trends in asthma mortality. Br. Med. J. 1997, v. 315, p. 1012.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Shirakawa T., Enomot T., Shimazu S-I, Hopkin J.M. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science. 1997, р. 275-277.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Wark P.A., Johnston S. L., Moric I. Neutrophil degranulation and cell lysis is associated with clinical severity in virus-induced asthma. Evr. Respir. J. 2002, v. 19, p. 68-75.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Duff A.L., Pomeranz E.S., Gelber L.E. et al. Risk factors for acute wheezing in infants and children: viruses, passive smoke, and IgE antibodies to inhalant allergens. Pediatrics. 1993, v. 92, p. 535-540.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Proud D., Chow C.-W. Role of Viral Infections in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2006, v. 35, p. 513-518.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Mallia P., Contoli M., Caramori G. et al. Exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): focus on virus induced exacerbations. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2007, v. 13 (1), p. 73-97.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Traves S.L., Proud D. Viral-associated exacerbations of asthma and COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007, v. 7 (3), p. 252-258.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston S.L. Overview of virus-induced airway disease. Proc.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Am. Thorac Soc. 2005, v. 2 (2), p.150-156.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Wedzicha J.A. Role of viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2004, v. 1 (2), p. 115-120</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Frick O.L., German D.F., Mills J. Development of allergy in children. I. Association with virus infections. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1979, v. 63, p. 228-241.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Балаболкин И.И. Бронхиальная астма у детей. М., «Медицина ». 2003, 320 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Булгакова В.А., Балаболкин И.И., Сенцова Т.Б. Респираторная вирусная инфекция у детей и подростков с аллергической патологией. Детские инфекции. 2005, № 4, с. 17-24. 19. Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Vuorinen T. et al. Respiratory picornaviruses and respiratory syncytial virus as causative agents of acute expiratory wheezing in children. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, v. 10, p. 1095-1101.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Azevedo A.M., Durigon E.L., Okasima V. et al. Detection of influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus during asthma attacks in children older than 2 years old. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2003, v. 31, p. 311-317.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Mosser A.B, Vrtis R., Burchell L. et al. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of rhinovirus infection in bronchial tisues.Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2005, 171, p. 645-651.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Grissell T.V., Powell H., Shafren D.R. et al. Interleukin-10 Gene Expression in Acute Virus-induced Asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2005, v. 172. p. 433-439.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez F.D, Wright A.L, Taussig L.M. et al. Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. N. EngI. J. Med. 1995, v. 332 (3), p. 133-138.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Stein R.T., Sherrill D., Morgan W.J. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in early life and risk of wheeze and allergy by age 13 years. Lancet. 1999, v. 354, p. 541-545.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston S.L. Viruses and asthma. Allergy. 1998, v. 53 (10), p. 922-932.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Wu C.A., Puddington L., Whiteley H.E. et al. Cytome-galovirus Infection Alters Th1/Th2 Cytokine Expression, Decreases Airway Eosinophilia, and Enhances Mucus Production in Allergic Airway Disease. J. Immunol. 2001, v. 167 (5), p. 2798-2807.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Ohnishi E., Iwata T., Inouye S. Interleukin-4 production in Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines from peripheral mononuclear cells of patient with atopic dermatitis. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 1997, v. 17, p. 597-602.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Sidorchuk A., Lagarde F., Pershagen G. Epstein-Barr virus infection is not associated with development of allergy in children. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2003, v. 22, p. 642-647.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Харламова Ф.С., Легкова Т.П., Фельдфикс Л.И. и cоавт. Клинико-патогенетическое обоснование иммунокорригирующей и противовирусной терапии при персистирующей герпетической инфекции у детей с рецидивирующим крупом и обструктивным бронхитом. Детские инфекции. 2005, № 4, с. 10-17.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Sigurs N., Bjarnason R., Sigurbergsson F., Kjellman B. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infancy is al important risk factor for asthma and allergy at the 7. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 161, p. 1501-1507.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Sigurs N. Epidemiologic and clinical evidence of a respiratory syncytial virus-reactive airway disease link. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2001, v. 163 (3), p. S2-S6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed R., Morrison L.A., Knipe D.M. Persistence of viruses. In Fields virology. B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, P.M. Howley, editors. Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. 1996, p. 219-249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Murray M., Webb M.S., O'Callaghan C. et al. Respirator status and allergy after bronchiolitis. Arch. Dis. Child. 1992, 67, p. 482-487.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Pullan CR., Hey E.N. Wheezing, asthma, and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncytial virus in infancy. Br. Med. J. 1982, v. 284, p. 1665-1669.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Sterk P. J. Virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in man. Eur. Respir. J. 1993. v. 6. p. 894-902.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez F.D., Morgan W.J., Wright A.L. et al. Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N. Engl. J. Med. 1988, v. 319, p. 1112-1117.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Greenberg S.B. Respiratory viral infection in high-risk patients. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004, v. 170, p. 1142-1143.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Papi A., Luppi F., Franco F., Fabbri L.M. Pathophysiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2006, v. 3, p. 245-251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Селькова Е.П. Современные подходы к профилактике и лечению острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Рус. мед. журн. 2001, № 9, c. 960-962.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Wilkinson T.M.A., Donaldson G.C., Johnston S.L. еt al. Respiratory syncytial virus, airway inflammation, and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, v. 173, p. 871-876.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Собченко С.А., Счетчикова О.С., Яковлева Н.В. Обострение неаллергической поздней астмы, индуцированное респираторной инфекцией. Пульмонология. 2005, № 1, с. 53-57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Shaheen, S.O. Changing patterns of childhood infection and the rise in allergic disease. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1995, v. 25, p. 1034-1037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Shaheen, S.O., Aaby P., Hall A.J. et al. Measles and atopy in Guinea-Bissau. Lancet. 1996, v. 347, p. 1792-1796.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston S.L, Bardin P.G, Pattemore P.K. Viruses as precipitants of asthma symptoms. III. Rhinoviruses: Molecular biology and prospects for future intervention. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1993, v. 23 (4), p. 237-246.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>von Mutius E., Martinez F.D, Fritzsch C. et al. Skin test reactivity and number of siblings. Br. Med. J. 1994, v. 308, p. 692-695.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Strachan D.P., Harkins L.S., Johnston I.D.A., AndersonH.R. Childhood antecedents of allergic sensitization in young British adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997, v. 99, p. 6-12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Imani F., Proud.D., Griffin D.E. Measles virus infection synergizes with IL-4 in IgE class switching. J. Immunol. 1999, v. 162, p. 1597-1602.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Alm, J.S., Lilja G., Pershagen G., Scheynius A. Early BCG vaccination and development of atopy. Lancet. 1997, v. 350, p. 400-403.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Folkerts G., Busse W.W., Nijkamp F.P. et al. Virus-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1998, V. 157 (6), p. 1708-1720.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Femandez-Benitez M. The role of infection in asthma. J. Allergologia et immunologia. 2001, v. 29 (3), p. 147-151.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Хаитов М.Р. Острые респираторные вирусные инфекции и бронхиальная астма. Клеточные и молекулярные аспекты проблемы. ЖМЭИ. 2002, № 4, с. 84-93.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Dakhama A., Lee Y.M., Gelfand E. W Virus-induced airway dysfunction: pathogenesis and biomechanisms. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2005, v. 24 (suppl. II), p. S159-S169; discus.: S166-S167.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Piedimonte G. Contribution of neuroimmune mechanisms to airway inflammation and remodeling during and after respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 2003, v. 22 (suppl. 2), p. 66-74.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Gern J.Е, Calhoun W.J., Swenson С. et al. Rhinovirus infection preferentially increases lower airway responsiveness in allergic subjects. Ibid. 1997, v. 155, p. 1872-1876.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Empey D.W., Laitinen L.A., Jacobs L. et al. Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1976, v. 113, p. 131-139.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Bardin P. G., Sanderson G., Robinson B. S. et al. Experimental rhinovirus infection in volunteers. Eur. Respir. J. 1996, v. 9, p. 2250-2255.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Fraenkel, D.J., Bardin P.G., Sanderson G. et al. Lower airway inflammation during rhinovirus colds in normal and in asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, v. 151, p. 879-886.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Lemanske R.F. Jr., Dick E.C., Swenson C.A. et al. Rhinovirus upper respiratory infection increases airway hyperreactivity and late asthmatic reactions. J. Clin. Invest. 1989, v. 83, p. 1-10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Angelini B., Van Deusen B.S, Doyle W.J. et al. Lower airway responses to rhinovirus in healthy subjects with and without allergy. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1997, v. 99, p. 618-619.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Skoner D.P., Doyle W. J., Seroky J., Fireman P. Lower airway responses to influenza A virus in healthy allergic and nonallergic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1996, v. 154, p. 661-664.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Shwarze J., Hamelmann Е., Bradley К L. et al. Respiratory syncitial virus results in airway hyperresponsiveness and еnhanсеd airway sensitization to allergen. J. Clin. Invest. 1997, v. 100, p. 226-233.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Henrickson K.J. Parainfluenza Viruses. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2003, v. 16, p. 242-64.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Walter M. J., Morton J. D, Kajiwara N. et al. Viral induction of a chronic asthma phenotype and genetic segregation from the acute response. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, v. 110, p. 165-75.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Peebles R.S., Sheller J.R., Johnson J.E. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection prolongs methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in ovalbumin sensitized mice. J. Med. Virol. 1999, v. 57, p. 186-192.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Cheung D., Dick E. C., Timmers M.C. et al. Rhinovirus inhalation causes long-lasting excessive airway narrowing in response to methacholine in asthmatic subjects in vivo. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1995, v. 152, p. 1490-1496.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Halperin, S.A., Eggleston P.A., Beasley P., et al. Exacerbations of asthma in adults during experimental rhinovirus infection. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985, v. 132, p. 976-98</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Пыцкий В.И. Некоторые дискуссионные проблемы аллергологии. ІІ. Взгляд на бронхиальную астму и атопию. Часть І. Рос. аллергол. журн. 2006, № 6, с. 42-58.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Weiss S.T., Tager I.B., Munoz A., Speizer F.E. The relationship of respiratory infections in early childhood to the occurrence of increased levels of bronchial responsiveness and atopy. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1985, v. 131 (4), p. 573-578.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Schwarze J., Gelfand E.W. Respiratory virus infections as promoters of allergic sensitization and asthma in animal models. Eur. Respir. J. 2002, v. 19, p. 341-349.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Гущин И.С. Аллергенная проницаемость барьерных тканей - стратегическая проблема аллергологии. Пульмонология. 2006, № 3, с. 5-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Johnston S.L. Mechanisms of asthma exacerbation. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1998, v. 28 (s5), p. 181-186.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Martinez F.D. Viruses and atopic sensitization in the first years of life. Am. J. Respir. Crit Care Med. 2000, v. 162, p. 395-399.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Ltibovitz E., Freihorst J., Piedra P.A., Ogra P.L. Modulation of systemic and mucosal immune responses to inhaled ragweed antigen in experimentally induced infection with respiratory syncytial virus implication in virally induced allergy. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 1988, v. 86, p. 112-116.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Freihorst J., Piedra P.A., Okamoto Y., Ogra PL Effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on the uptake of immune response to other inhaled antigens. Proc. Soc. Exp. BioI. (N. Y). 1988, v. 188, p. 191-197.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Riedel F., Krause A., Slenczka W., Rieger C.H. Parainfluenza-3-virus infection enhances allergic sensitization in the guinea-pig. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1996, v. 26, p. 603-609.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Dakhama A., Bramley A.M., Chan NG. et al. Effect of respiratory syncytial virus on subsequent allergic sensitization to ovalbumin in guinea-pigs. Eur. Respir. J. 1999, v 13, p. 976-982.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Tsitoura D.C, Kim S., Dabbagh K. et al. Respiratory infection with influenza A virus interferes with the induction of tolerance to aeroallergens. J. Immunol. 2000, v. 165, p. 3484-3491.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Yamamoto N., Suzuki S., Shirai A. et al. Dendritic cells are associated with augmentation of antigen sensitization by influenza A virus infection in mice. Eur. J. Immunol. 2000, v. 5, p. 316-326.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Piedimonte G., Hoffman J.I.E., Husseini W.K. et al. NK1 receptors mediate neurogenic inflammatory increase in blood flow in rat airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 1993, v. 74, p. 2462-2468.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Gern J.E, Galagan D.M., Janour N.N. et al. Detection of rhinovirus RNA in lower airway cells during experimentally-induced i n f e c t i o n . Am. J . R e s p i r. C n t . C a r e Me d . 1 9 9 7 , v. 155, p. 1159-1161.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Proud D., Chow C.-W. Role of Viral Infections in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 2006, v. 35, p. 513-518.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Calhoun W.J., Dick E.C., Schwartz L.B., Busse W.W. A common cold virus, rhinovirus 16 potentiates airway inflammation after segmental antigen bronchoprovocation in allergic subjects. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, v. 94, p. 2200-2208.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Skoner D.P., Doyle W.J., Tannery E.P. et al. Effect of rhinovirus 39 (RV-19) infection on immune and inflammatory parameters in allergic and non-allergic subjects. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1995, v. 25, p. 561-563.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Seminario M.C., Squillace D., Bardin P.G. et al. Increased levels of eosinophil major basic protein in nasal secretions in rhinovirus infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 1995, v. 95, p. 259-264.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Volvovitz В., Welliver R.C., De Castro G. et al. The release of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract during infection with respiratory syncytial virus: Role in obstructive airway disease. Pediatr Res. 1988, v. 24, p. 504-506.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Jarjour N.N., Gern J.E., Kelly E.A., Swenson C.A., Dick C.R., Busse W.W. The effect of an experimental rhinovirus 16 infection on bronchial lavage neutrophils. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000, v. 105, p. 1169-1177.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Wark P.A., Johnston S.L., Moric I. et al. Neutrophil degranulation and cell lysis is associated with clinical severity in virus-induced asthma. Eur Respir. J. 2002, v. 19, p. 68-75.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Norzila M.Z., Fakes K., Henry R.L. et al. Interleukin-8 secretion and neutrophil recruitment accompanies induced sputum eosinophil activation in children with acute asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, v. 161, p. 769-774.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Proud D., Gwaltney J.M., Hendley J.O. et al. Increased levels of interleukin-1 are detected in nasal secretions of volunteers during experimental rhinovirus colds. J. Infect. Dis. 1994, v. 169, p. 1007-1009.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Linden M., Greiff L., Andersson M. et al. Nasal cytokines in common cold and allergic rhmitis. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1995, v. 25, p.166-169.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Grunberg K., Timmer M.C., Smits H.H. et al. Effect of experimental rhinovirus 16 colds on airway hyperrespon-siveness to histamine and interleukin-8 in nasal lavage in asthmatic subjects in vivo. Clin. Exp. Allergy. 1997, v. 27, p. 36-45.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Einarsson, O., Geba G. P., Zhu Z. et al. Interleukin-11: stimulation in vivo and in vitro by respiratory viruses and induction of airways hyperresponsiveness. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, v. 97, p. 915-924.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Caramori G., Ito K., Contoly M., Di Stefano A. et al. Molecular mechanisms of respiratory virus-induced asthma and COPD exacerbations and pneumonia. Curr. Med. Chem. 2006, v. 13 (19), p. 2267-2290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Teran L.M., Seminario M.C., Shute J.K. et al. RANTES, macrophage-inhibitory protein 1α, and the eosinophil product major basic protein are released into upper respiratory secretions during virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children. J. Infect. Dis. 1999, v.179, p.677-681.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Oh JW, Lee HB, Park IK, Kang JO. Interleukin-6, interleukin -8, interleukin-11, and interferon-γ levels in nasopharyngeal aspirates from wheezing children with respiratory syncytial virus or influenza A virus infection. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2002, v. 13, p. 350-356.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu, Z., Tang W., Wu Y. et al. Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-6 in vivo and in vitro: evidence for nuclear factor kappa B-dependent transcriptional activation. J. Clin. Invest. 1996, v. 97, p. 421-430.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Barnes, P.J., I.M. Adcock. NF-kappa B: a pivotal role in asthma and a new target for therapy. Trends. Pharmacol. Sci. 1997, v. 18, p. 46-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Thomas K.W., Monick M.M., J.M. Staber. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus inhibits apoptosis and induces NF-kappa B activity through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, v. 277 (1), p. 492-501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Oumouna M., Mapletoft J.W., Karvonen B.C. et al. Formulation with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides prevents induction of pulmonary immunopathology following priming with formalin-inactivated or commercial killed bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. J. Virol. 2005, v. 79, p. 2024-2032.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Gern J.E., Busse W.W. Role of Т. cells in virus-induced asthma. In: Liggett S.B., Meyers D.A. (Eds). The Genetics of Asthma, Marcel Dekker, New York. 1996, p. 39-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Roman M., Calhoun W.J., Hinton K.L. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants is associated with predominant Th2-like response. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997, v. 156, p. 190-195.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Menzies-Gow A., Robinson D.S. Eosinophils, eosinophilic cytokines (interleukin-5), and antieosinophilic therapy in asthma. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 2002, v. 8, p. 33-38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Koga, T., Sardina E., Tidwell R.M. et al. Virus-inducible expression of a host chemokine gene relies on replication-linked mRNA stabilization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999,v. 96, p. 5680-5685.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Sampath D., Castro M., Look D.C., Holtzman M.J. Constitutive activation of an epithelial signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat1) pathway in asthma. J. Clin. Invest. 1999. v. 103, p. 1353-1361.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Walter M.J., Kajiwara N., Karanja P. et al.. IL-12 p 40 production by barrier epithelial cells during airway inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 2001. v. 193, p. 339-352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Walter M. J., Morton J. D., Kajiwara N. et al. Viral induction of a chronic asthma phenotype and genetic segregation from the acute response. J. Clin. Invest. 2002, v. 110, p. 165-175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Rager K.J., Langland J.O., Jacobs B.L. et al. Activation of antiviral protein kinase leads to immunoglobulin E class switching in human B cells. J. Virol. 1998, v. 72, p. 1171-1176.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Welliver R.C., Kaul T.N., Ogra P.L. The appearance of cell-bound IgE in respiratory-tract epiffielium after respiratory-syncytial-virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1980, v. 303, p. 1198.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>O'Donnel D.R., Openshaw Р.J.М. Anaphylactic sensitization to аеroаntigеn during respiratory virus infection. Clin. Ехр. Allergy. 1998, v. 57, p. 214-219.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Dakhama A., Park J.-W., Taube C. et al. The Role of Virus-specific Immunoglobulin E in Airway Hyperresponsiveness. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2004, v. 170, p. 952-959.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B111"><label>111.</label><mixed-citation>Wood L.G. Persistent Airway Obstruction After Virus Infection Is Not Associated With Airway Inflammation. Chest. 2007, v. 131, p. 415-423.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B112"><label>112.</label><mixed-citation>Graham B.S., Johnson T.R., Peebles R.S. Immune-mediated disease pathogenesis in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Immunopharmacology. 2000, v. 48, p. 237-247.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B113"><label>113.</label><mixed-citation>Makela M.J., Tripp R., Dakhama A. et al. Prior airway exposure to allergen increases virus-induced airway hyperresponsiveness.J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, v. 112, p. 861-870.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B114"><label>114.</label><mixed-citation>Ordonez C., Khashayar R., Wong H.H. et al. Mild and moderate asthma is associated with airway goblet cell hyperplasia and abnormalities in mucin gene expression. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2001, v. 163, p. 517-523.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B115"><label>115.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y., Thai P., Zhao Y.H. et al. Stimulation of airway mucin gene expression by interleukin 17 though IL-6 paracrine/autocrineloop. J. Biol Chem. 2003, v. 278, p. 17036-17043.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B116"><label>116.</label><mixed-citation>Hoshino M., Morita S., Iwashita S. et al. Increased expression of the human Ca2+-activated Cl- channel 1 (CaCC1) gene in the asthmatic airway. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2002, v. 165, p. 1132-1136.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B117"><label>117.</label><mixed-citation>Hashimoto K., Graham B.S., Ho S.B. et al. Respiratory syncytial virus in allergic lung inflammation increases Muc5ac and gob-5. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2004, v. 170 p. 306-312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B118"><label>118.</label><mixed-citation>Holtzman M.J., Tyner J.W., Kim E.Y. et al. Acute and chronic airway responses to viral infection: implications for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac Soc. 2005, v. 2 (2), p. 132-40.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B119"><label>119.</label><mixed-citation>Sorkness R., J. J. Clough, W. L. Castleman, R. F. Lemanske. Virus-induced airway obstruction and parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness in adult rats. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1994, v. 150, p. 28-34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B120"><label>120.</label><mixed-citation>Fryer A.D., Jacoby D.B. Parainfluenza virus infection damages inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on pulmonary parasympathetic nerves in the guinea pig. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1991, v. 102, p. 267-271.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B121"><label>121.</label><mixed-citation>Colasurdo, G.N., V.G. Hemming, G.A. Prince et al. Human respiratory syncytial virus affects nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibition in cotton rat airways. Am. J. Physiol. (Lung Cell Mol. Physiol.) 1995, v. 12, p. L1006-L1011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B122"><label>122.</label><mixed-citation>Folkerts, G., H.J. van der Linde, F.P. Nijkamp. Virus- induced airway hyperresponsiveness in guinea pigs is related to a deficiency in nitric oxide. J. Clin. Invest., 1995, v. 95, p. 26-30.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
