Modern concepts of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of allergic rhinitis



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Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a global health and social problem and a classic example of a multifactorial IgE-mediated disease. Despite significant progress in understanding the molecular basis of AR, many issues regarding the ethnic characteristics of the distribution of genetic markers and the specifics of epigenetic changes remain unresolved. The aim of the work was to comprehensively summarize modern concepts of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. A systematic search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary and CyberLeninka databases for the period 2000–2024. The inclusion criteria were original research, meta-analyses and reviews devoted to genetic associations, epigenetic mechanisms and epidemiology of allergic rhinitis. It has been established that polymorphisms in the genes of Th2 immune response effectors (IL13, IL4), epithelial barrier genes (ORMDL3, TSLP) and antigen presentation genes (HLA-DQ/DR) play a key role in the pathogenesis of AR. Epigenetic mechanisms, including hypomethylation of the IL4 and FOXP3 gene promoters, dysregulation of microRNA (increased miR-21, miR-155 and decreased miR-146a) serve as a link between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Epidemiological data demonstrate heterogeneous prevalence of AR in the world (10–40%) and in Russia (10–24%), with regional characteristics, in particular, in the Altai region (12.3% among children). Integration of data from genetics, epigenetics and epidemiology opens the way for the development of personalized approaches to the diagnosis and therapy of AR. Promising areas are the organization of multicenter cohorts, the use of modern genomic technologies and the consideration of regional characteristics.

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About the authors

Sergey Ivanovich Khasenov

Altai State Medical University

Email: kamirinmusic@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-1608-0708

Студент

Russian Federation, алтайский край, г.Барнаул, ул. Ленина 40.

Andrey Vladimirovich Trebukhov

ФГБОУ ВО алтайский государственный медицинский университет

Email: avtmed@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0538-8783
SPIN-code: 6191-5092

Доцент,  кандидат биологических наук

Russian Federation, Алтайский край, г.Барнаул, ул.Ленина40

Marina Vladimirovna Goryacheva

ФГБОУ ВО Алтайский государственный медицинский университет

Author for correspondence.
Email: goryachevamarina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7139-5332
SPIN-code: 6963-4257

Доцент,  доктор медицинских наук,  заведующий кафедрой

Russian Federation, Алтайский край, г.Барнаул, ул. Ленина 40

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